Multispectral Fluorescence as a Tool to Separate Healthy and Disease Related Lymphatic Anatomies in Prostate Cancer.

By preventing unnecessary resection of healthy lymphatic tissue during extended lymph node dissections, the investigators will be able to reduce the degree and amount of complications that result from damage to the lymphatic structures. The investigators aim to evaluate the technical feasibility of imaging two different lymphatic drainage profiles, namely that of healthy tissue (i.e. the lower limbs/abdominal wall) and that of the primary tumour (i.e. prostate). To realize the differentiation, real-time multispectral fluorescence imaging of two spectrally different tracers (the lymphangiographic tracer fluorescein (injected in the lower limbs and abdominal wall) and sentinel node (SN) specific tracer Indocyanine Green (ICG)-99mTc-nanocolloid (injected in the tumour, followed by a control lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT/CT)) will allow for multispectral (or multicolor) fluorescence. Complementary to the routine surgical procedure, e.g. radical prostatectomy with extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND), the lymphatic drainage pattern of both the tumour and of healthy tissue, i.e. lower limbs and abdominal wall, will be determined in the surgical field/surgical specimens.

Inclusion criteria

Group A:

• Male, aged ≥ 18 years.
• WHO performance status 0,1, or 2.
• Written informed consent.
• Histopathologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate
• Increased risk of nodal metastases according to the Briganti 2012 nomogram (> 7%)
• Scheduled for surgical (laparoscopic) prostatectomy including ePLND-
• Suitable for RP and ePLND, as per institutional guidelines

Exclusion criteria

Group A:

• Prior abdominal or inguinal surgery (e.g. appendectomy)
• History of allergy to iodine, food or medicinal induced urticaria, asthma, eczema, or allergic rhinitis
• Hyperthyroid or thyroidal adenoma
• Kidney insufficiency
• History of oversensitivity to FLUORESCITE composites
• Patients using beta-blockers

Inclusion criteria

Group B:

• Male, aged ≥ 18 years.
• WHO performance status 0,1, or 2.
• Written informed consent.
• Histopathologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate
• Increased risk of nodal metastases according to the Briganti 2012 nomogram (> 15%)
• Scheduled for surgical (laparoscopic) prostatectomy including ePLND-
• Suitable for RP and ePLND, as per institutional guidelines

Exclusion criteria

Group B:

• Prior abdominal or inguinal surgery (e.g. appendectomy)
• History of allergy to iodine, food or medicinal induced urticaria, asthma, eczema, or allergic rhinitis
• Hyperthyroid or thyroidal adenoma
• Kidney insufficiency