Multimodal Neuromodulation in Individuals With Parkinson's Disease

Inclusion criteria

• A diagnosis of idiopathic PD
• Disease staging between II and III (mild to moderate), according to the modified Hoehn and Yahr scale;
• Currently taking prescribed antiparkinsonian medication regularly with:
• No medication changes in the last 30 days
• Responsive to oral dopamine replacement therapy
• Score higher than 24, verified through the Montreal Cognitive Assessment33.
• Must demonstrate moderate burden of motor symptoms (MDS-UPDRS part II >12 and MDS-UPDRS part III scores >35) 34
• Must be able to voluntarily give written (or verbal) informed consent
• Must have ability to reliably use the devices
• Must be able to understand and complete all assessments (provided in English only)

Exclusion criteria

• Diagnosis of atypical parkinsonism;
• History of epilepsy
• Presence of an implanted electrical device
• Previous surgical intervention for PD (DBS implantation - deep brain stimulation);
• Treated with a pump for continuous delivery of DRT (Dopamine replacement therapy)
• Presence of severe freezing episodes.
• Women who are pregnant or nursing
• History of unstable mood disorder or unstable anxiety disorder or psychosis
• Those with a recent history of substance abuse and/or dependence (alcohol or other drugs)
• Have been diagnosed with neurological disease other than Parkinson's disease.
• Have a major concomitant illness or illnesses including cancer or disease of the cardiovascular, respiratory and/or renal systems deemed significant medical risk in the opinion of the principle investigator
• Have a diagnosed vestibular dysfunction
• Have had eye surgery within the previous three months or ear surgery within the previous six months
• Have participated in another clinical trial within the last 30 days or are currently enrolled in another interventional clinical trial
• Contraindicated for PoNS, including:

25.1. Current disease or sensitivity of the oral cavity 25.2. History of oral cancer 25.3. Oral surgery within three months of screening 25.4. Oral cavity piercings that could interfere with PoNSTM use 25.5. Sensitivity to Nickel, Copper, or Gold 25.6. Currently enrolled in a PoNSTM treatment program or use of the PoNSTM device in the last 5 weeks 25.7. History of penetrating brain injuries 25.8. Chronic infectious disease 25.9. Unmanaged hypertension 25.10. Diabetes 25.11. History of seizures

• Contraindicated for GVS, including:

26.1. Metallic brain implant(s) 26.2. Brain surgery within the past six months 26.3. Highly sensitive skin behind the ears