Multicomponent vs Pilates on Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance in Older Adults

A high-precision reference standard used to measure lean muscle mass. The values will be calculated by the ratio of appendicular lean mass divided by the square of height in meters, with values lower than 7 kg/m² for men and 5.5 kg/m² for women confirming the diagnosis of low lean mass.

Evaluation of isokinetic muscle strength of the knee extensors and flexors. The assessment consists of knee extension and flexion (concentric/concentric) at an angular velocity of 60°/s, starting with the knee flexed at 90°. Three sets of five repetitions will be performed with a 30-second rest interval between sets, and the same procedure will be carried out with the left leg.

Evaluation of handgrip strength. The best value from three attempts will be used for each hand.

A battery of tests to assess physical performance, including balance, gait speed, and chair rise tests. It has predictive validity and clinical applicability.

The 4-meter Walking Speed Test is used as a short-distance gait speed test, measuring habitual or maximum speed manually with a stopwatch or electronically with a device to measure the individual's walking time over a four-meter course. The 6MWT is a submaximal measure of aerobic capacity. Both tests are used to assess physical performance

A test used to assess physical function, commonly employed to evaluate the risk of falls. For the test, the time it takes for participants to rise from a chair, walk at a comfortable pace in a straight line for three meters, turn around, and return to the chair to sit down will be timed.

It is a validated and consistent questionnaire to identify people at risk of adverse outcomes due to sarcopenia. It consists of 5 items, self-reported by patients, based on the individual's perception of their strength limitations, ability to walk, get up from a chair, climb stairs and history of falls. Each item can be scored from 0 to 2, with 0 being no difficulty, 1 being some difficulty, and 2 being very difficult or unable to perform. In the falls item, 0 corresponds to no falls, 1 corresponds to 1 to 3 falls and 2 corresponds to 4 or more falls. The final score can range from 0 to 10, with a score of 4 being considered predictive of sarcopenia.

A screening tool for the nutritional status of participants, consisting of simple measures and six questions that can be answered in less than 5 minutes. It includes anthropometric measurements (body mass index, weight loss), global assessment (mobility), and dietary questionnaire and subjective evaluation (food intake, neuropsychological issues, acute illness). A score between 12-14 points indicates normal nutrition, 8-11 points indicates a risk of malnutrition, and 0-7 points indicates malnutrition.

The affective valence scale will be used to measure participants' feelings of pleasure/affect related to the exercises. The score ranges from +5, indicating pleasure during exercise with a feeling of "very good," to -5, indicating displeasure with a feeling of "very bad" during exercise execution. The closer the score is to +5, the more pleasure the participant experiences while performing the exercise.