Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.
Inclusion criteria
ECOG performance status score of 0-2;
Histopathologically confirmed locally advanced unresectable or metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC);
Failure of prior first-line systemic therapy:
- Radiographic progression or worsening of clinical symptoms; disease progression occurring within 6 months after completion of neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy is also considered first-line treatment failure.
- Intolerance to first-line therapy, as fully assessed by the investigator, may also allow enrollment into the study. Intolerance to prior study treatment is defined as follows:
i. Any grade ≥3 hematologic toxicity (per NCI-CTCAE v5.0) that does not recover to grade 1 or pre-treatment level after 14 days of best supportive care; ii. Any grade ≥3 non-hematologic toxicity (excluding alopecia and asymptomatic laboratory abnormalities) per NCI-CTCAE v5.0 that does not recover to normal after 14 days of best supportive care.
Adequate organ and bone marrow function;
Estimated life expectancy > 3 months;
Subjects must agree to provide sufficient tumor tissue samples for EGFR and PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression testing, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and multi-omics analysis. This includes archived tumor samples (paraffin blocks or unstained sections meeting the testing requirements specified in the study); if no archived tumor tissue sample is available, the subject agrees to undergo re-biopsy of the tumor lesion.
Exclusion criteria
- Failure of first-line gemcitabine-based therapy.
Other histologic types of pancreatic tumors, such as neuroendocrine tumors, acinar cell carcinoma, cystic carcinoma, etc.
Prior treatment with an MMAE-loaded ADC (antibody-drug conjugate).
Congenital or acquired immunodeficiency (e.g., HIV infection), active hepatitis B (HBV-DNA ≥ 10⁴ copies/mL), or hepatitis C (positive HCV antibody with HCV-RNA above the lower limit of detection of the assay).
Known hypersensitivity to the study drug or any of its excipients, or a history of severe allergic reactions to other monoclonal antibodies.
Occurrence of the following within 6 months before randomization: myocardial infarction, severe/unstable angina pectoris, New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class ≥2 cardiac insufficiency, or symptomatic congestive heart failure.
Vaccination with a live vaccine within 4 weeks before the first dose of study drug. Inactivated virus vaccines for seasonal influenza (administered by injection) are permitted, but live attenuated influenza vaccine administered via the intranasal route is not allowed.
Known history of allogeneic organ transplantation or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Known history of substance abuse (psychoactive drugs) or drug addiction.
Pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Diagnosis of any other malignancy within 5 years before study entry, except for curatively treated basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, superficial bladder cancer, carcinoma in situ of the cervix, ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast, and papillary thyroid carcinoma that have been treated with local therapy and cured.
Presence of any other serious physical or psychiatric illness, or laboratory abnormalities that may increase the risk of study participation, interfere with the study results, or render the patient unsuitable for participation in the opinion of the investigator.
Note: Subjects with hepatitis B meeting the following criteria may also be enrolled:
HBV viral load < 1000 copies/mL (<200 IU/mL) before the first dose, and the subject must receive anti-HBV therapy during the entire study treatment period to prevent viral reactivation.
For subjects who are anti-HBc (+), HBsAg (-), anti-HBs (-), and HBV viral load (-), prophylactic anti-HBV therapy is not required, but close monitoring for viral reactivation is necessary.
Subjects with active HCV infection (positive HCV antibody and HCV-RNA levels above the lower limit of detection).
Vaccination with a live vaccine within 30 days before the first dose (Cycle 1, Day 1).
Note: Inactivated injectable vaccines for seasonal influenza are permitted within 30 days before the first dose; live attenuated influenza vaccine administered intranasally is not allowed.
Presence of any serious or uncontrolled systemic disease, for example:
Clinically significant and severe, difficult-to-control abnormalities in cardiac rhythm, conduction, or morphology on resting ECG, such as complete left bundle branch block, second-degree or higher atrioventricular block, ventricular arrhythmia, or atrial fibrillation.
Unstable angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, or chronic heart failure of NYHA Class ≥2.
Any arterial thrombotic, embolic, or ischemic event (e.g., myocardial infarction, unstable angina, cerebrovascular accident, or transient ischemic attack) within 6 months before study treatment.
Poorly controlled blood pressure (systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg).
Active tuberculosis.
Active or uncontrolled infection requiring systemic therapy.
Clinically active diverticulitis, intra-abdominal abscess, or gastrointestinal obstruction.
Liver disease such as cirrhosis, decompensated liver disease, or acute or chronic active hepatitis.
Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (fasting blood glucose > 10 mmol/L).
Urinalysis showing proteinuria ≥ 2+, with confirmed 24-hour urine protein > 1.0 g.
Psychiatric disorders that prevent the patient from cooperating with treatment.
History or evidence of disease, treatment, or laboratory abnormalities that could interfere with the study results or prevent the subject from completing full participation in the study, or any other condition that, in the investigator's opinion, makes the subject unsuitable for enrollment, including potential risks that are not explicitly listed above.
