MOWI Research Pilot

Assessed by a Jamar dynamometer. Sensor-based Thera-bands will measure data on strength change.

STS measures lower limb strength (minimal change 2.3 s).

A surrogate for cardiovascular fitness that measures distance (normal 400-700m) related to function. A clinically important difference is 50-55m

Gait speed is measured by the time it takes to walk 20 meters. Gait speed predicts disability and mortality (significant change 0.1 m/s).

LLFDI consists of a 32-item function and 16-item disability (life-task) scales that correlate with gait speed and lower limb function. Higher points indicate better function. Individual raw scores range from 0 to 80, scaled scores are 0 to 100. Each was assessed at baseline and at 12 weeks. We report the differences between baseline/follow-up. Positive score change reflect improved physical function.

Patient Activation Measure (PAM) assesses knowledge, confidence and skill for managing health and grouped into 4 levels revealing insights into attitudes, motivators, behaviors & outcomes. Higher points indicate better activation. Measures are scored 0-100 units. Scores below reflect changes between baseline and follow-up at 12-weeks. A positive change score indicates improvement in activation

Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information Systems (PROMIS) Global Short Form. PROMIS is a 10-item instrument capturing physical, mental and social aspects of quality of life having undergone quantitative appraisal and is non-proprietary. Higher points indicate better health. Raw scores are scaled to 0-100. 50 is the mean, 10 points indicates 1 standard deviation. Positive change scores listed below indicate an improvement in subjective health

Change in weight in kg

Change in waist and hip circumference in cm

Average Steps will be measured over a 12 week period

CHAMPS is a self-reported tool in older adults that assesses activity levels and types -

Lean mass was assessed using bioelectrical impedance for 2P and 2B. This technique was not available for MOWI 2A participants and hence not measured

Resting metabolic rate, Change Score (kCal) from Baseline to 12 weeks

Fasting Plasma Glucose

The Participant Satisfaction Questionnaire is a 12-item questionnaire which measures participant satisfaction with intervention participation using a Likert scale (0-5 point scale: very unsatisfied = 0 to very satisfied = 4). Total scores range 0-60: higher scores indicate greater satisfaction with the intervention.Three additional sub-items ask participants to rate their preference for the frequency of sessions, length of group meetings, and total number of group meetings using a Likert scale (-1 - 1 point scale: too few/too short = -1 to 1 = too much/too long). Each of these three items will be interpreted individually and not included in a summed total score. Additionally, this questionnaire includes 1 open-ended response item where participants are asked to leave any additional comments they may have regarding their level of satisfaction with the intervention.

The Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire is a 6-item questionnaire which measures expectancies regarding intervention participation and intervention rationale credibility using a Likert scale (0-10 point scale: responses are anchored to question stems such that, not at all logical/not at all effective/not at all confident/no credibility/not at all comfortable = 0 and very logical/very effective/very confident/high credibility = 10). Total scores range 0-50: higher scores indicate more favorable expectancies regarding participation in the intervention/greater perceived intervention credibility. Additionally, this questionnaire includes 1 open-ended response item that asks participants to leave any additional comments they may have regarding their expectations for the intervention

CHAMPS is a self-reported tool in older adults that assesses activity levels and types -

CHAMPS is a self-reported tool in older adults that assesses activity levels and types -

CHAMPS is a self-reported tool in older adults that assesses activity levels and types -

insulin

C-peptide

C-reactive protein

tumor necrosis factor alpha

Interleukin 6

Medication adherence, visual analog scale

The Food Craving Acceptance and Action Questionnaire is a 10-item questionnaire which measures acceptance of food related cravings and urges using a Likert scale (1-7 point scale: never true = 1 to always true = 7). Total scores range 10-70: higher scores indicate greater acceptance of food related cravings and urges.

The Discomfort intolerance Scale is a 6-item questionnaire which measures general difficulty managing and regulating physical distress and discomfort using a Likert scale (1-6 point scale: not at all like me = 1 to very much like me = 6). Total scores range 6-36: higher scores indicate greater distress intolerance.

The Physical Activity Acceptance & Action Questionnaire is a 10-item scale which measures acceptance of physical and psychological discomfort in the context of physical activity using a Likert scale (1-7 point scale: never true = 1 to always true = 7). Total scores range 10-70: higher scores indicate greater acceptance of physical and psychological discomfort in the context of physical activity.

The Weight Control Strategies Scale is a 30-item questionnaire which measures participants' use of behavioral weight control strategies using a Likert scale (1-4 point scale: never = 0 to always = 4). Total scores range 0-120: higher scores indicate greater use of weight control strategies.

The Voluntary Exercise Questionnaire is a brief 6-item questionnaire which measures participants' participation in aerobic and strength training activities over the past 3 months and past week. Two items use a Likert scale (1-7 point scale: never = 1 to 7 = very often) and four items ask participants to report frequency of exercise: 0 = 0 days per week to 7 = 7 days per week). Total score range 2-42: Higher scores indicate greater levels of aerobic and strength training activity.

a 24-item assessment of external, introjected, identified, and intrinsic forms of regulation of exercise behavior. Higher scores indicated higher exercise behavior. each is scored on 5 points (0-120). Six subscales - each 4 items (score 0-20 each). A positive change score indicates higher forms of regulation.

an 8 item scale used to measure emotional distress/depression. higher score indicates higher distress. All promis questionnaires raw scores are converted to a scaled score of 0-100. 50 is mean. 10 units on the scale indicate 1 Standard deviation. higher change scores represent reduced emotional distress.

An 8-item scale used to measure perceived social isolation.higher scores indicate higher isolation. All promis questionnaires raw scores are converted to a scaled score of 0-100. 50 is mean. 10 units on the scale indicate 1 Standard deviation. higher change scores represent high isolation.

18-item scale measuring eating behavior with 3 subscales (cognitive restraint, emotional eating, uncontrolled eating) using Likert scale (1-4 point scale). Items 1-16 on this scale are reverse scored. The scale score is then entered into the following formula: (cognitive restraint scale score - 3)/9. The outcome is then multiplied by 100. Higher scores indicate higher restraint, emotional eating or uncontrolled eating, respectively. Subscales aretransformed to 0-100 score

To calculate the emotional eating sub scale, reverse scored items 2, 4, 7, 10, 14 and 16 are summed and then averaged to generate a mean score. The mean score is then multiplied by 6 to generate a scale score. The scale score is then entered into the following formula: (emotional eating scale score - 6)/18. The outcome is then multiplied by 100.

Positive change scores represent lower restraint, higher emotional eating or higher uncontrolled eating.