Motor Imagery Training in Non-Specific Low Back Pain

The severity of general low back pain experienced by the participants in the last two days will be assessed numerically using the Numeric Pain Scale. Participants will be informed that a score of 0 represents "no pain at all," while a score of 10 represents "the most unbearable pain." Pain severity will be recorded numerically on a scale from 0 to 10.

The "Oswestry Disability Index" will be used to assess the level of disability related to low back pain among participants. This index evaluates the impact of low back pain on daily activities through 10 questions, each scored between 0 and 5, covering aspects such as pain intensity, personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, social life, traveling, and changes in pain severity. A lower score indicates a higher quality of life. The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the index have been established, with a reported Cronbach's alpha of 0.91.

The "Fatigue Severity Scale," commonly used in clinical and experimental studies, will be employed to determine participants' fatigue levels. The scale consists of nine questions, each scored from 1 to 7 (1: strongly disagree, 7: strongly agree). The total score is obtained by summing the scores of all items and calculating the average. Higher scores indicate greater fatigue. This scale was developed and adapted into Turkish.

The "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale" will be used to evaluate participants' levels of anxiety and depression. This scale is utilized to determine the risk, severity, and level of anxiety and depression in individuals. The HADS consists of a total of 14 self-report items, divided into two subscales: seven related to anxiety and seven related to depression. Items are rated on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3. Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms.

The "Sit-up Test" will be used to assess trunk endurance among participants. This test measures the strength and endurance of abdominal muscles. Participants will begin in a supine position with knees flexed at approximately 140 degrees, feet flat on the floor, legs slightly abducted, arms parallel to the trunk with palms facing downward. They will be instructed to perform sit-up movements by extending their arms forward and then returning to the starting position. The number of sit-ups completed within one minute will be recorded. Time will be tracked using a stopwatch. The validity and reliability of remote application of this test have been established.

The "Modified Push-up Test" will be conducted to assess trunk endurance. Participants will assume a prone position with hands positioned at shoulder level, elbows flexed, and the body aligned to allow for elbow extension and flexion. They will be asked to lift their head, shoulders, and trunk off the ground by fully extending their elbows and to repeat this movement for 40 seconds. The number of completed push-ups within this duration will be recorded. The validity and reliability of remote application of this test have been confirme.

The "Plank Test" will be used to evaluate trunk endurance. Participants will be positioned in a prone posture, resting on their forearms and toes, with their pelvis elevated and their body forming a straight line parallel to the ground. They will be instructed to maintain this position for as long as possible. The duration (in seconds) until the participant can no longer hold the position will be recorded. The validity and reliability of remote application of this test have been verified.

The "Side Bridge Test" will be used to assess trunk endurance. Participants will be instructed to lie on their side with their legs extended and the upper arm placed across the chest, touching the opposite shoulder. The supporting elbow will be flexed, allowing weight to be distributed through the elbow and forearm. Participants will be asked to lift their hips off the ground while maintaining a straight body alignment, supported by the elbow and feet. The test will end when the participant loses the correct posture, and the duration (in seconds) of holding the position will be recorded. This test will be performed bilaterally. The validity and reliability of remote application of this test have been confirmed.

The "Timed Up and Go Test" will be used to assess participants' functional capacity. Participants will be asked to stand up from a chair with armrests, walk three meters, turn around, return to the chair, and sit down. The total time taken to complete this task will be measured. The validity and reliability of remote application of this test have been established.

The "30-Second Chair Stand Test" will be used to assess participants' functional capacity. Participants will use a chair with a seat height of 45-47 cm, ensuring their feet are in contact with the ground. Beginning in a seated position with arms crossed over the chest, they will be asked to stand up and sit down as many times as possible within 30 seconds. The number of completed repetitions will constitute the test score. The participant must fully extend their hips and knees while standing. The validity and reliability of remote application of this test have been confirmed.