Modulation of GABA-A Receptors in Parkinson Disease-Transdermal Flumazenil Arm

This study focuses on neurochemical changes in the brain that occur in Parkinson's disease. In particular we will be looking a neurotransmitter called GABA. In some Parkinson's disease patients we see too much GABA activity in the brain. This target engagement study examines the target engagement effect of GABA-A receptor modulation by transdermal flumazenil (previously clarithromycin). [11C]-flumazenil Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging results will be used to assess for possible GABA-A receptor target engagement effects of transdermal flumazenil (previously clarithromycin). Note [11C]Flumazenil GABA-A receptor PET was not performed as part of the transdermal flumazenil study because of a Covid pandemic research amendment.

Inclusion criteria

• Parkinson's disease (PD): PD diagnosis will follow the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank Research Center (UKPDSBRC) clinical diagnostic criteria for PD.
• Hoehn and Yahr stages 2-4
• Absence of dementia confirmed by cognitive testing.
• Abnormal 11C-Dihydrotetrabenazine ([11c]-DTBZ) PET study to demonstrate nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation

Exclusion criteria

• PD with Dementia (PDD) or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).
• Other disorders which may resemble PD, such as vascu¬lar dementia, normal pressure hydrocephalus, multiple system atrophy, corticobasal ganglionic dege¬neration, or toxic causes of parkinsonism. Prototypical cases have distincti¬ve clinical profiles, like early and severe dysautonomia or appendicular apraxia, which may differentiate them from idiopathic PD. The use of the UKPDSBRC clinical diagnostic criteria for PD will mitigate the inclusion of subjects with atypical parkinsonism.
• Subjects currently on benzodiazepine, GABAB-ergic medications (baclofen, tizanidine), modafinil, neuroleptic, anticholinergic (trihexyphenidyl, benztropine), or cholinesterase inhibitor drugs.
• Evidence of a mass lesion on structural brain imaging (MRI).
• Participants in whom MRI is contraindicated including, but not limited to, those with a pacemaker, presence of metallic fragments near the eyes or spinal cord, chest, or cochlear implant.
• Severe claustrophobia precluding MR or PET imaging.
• Subjects limited by participation in research procedures involving ionizing radiation.
• Pregnancy (urine or serum pregnancy test within 48 hours of each PET session) or breastfeeding.
• History of seizures
• Significant anxiety or history of panic disorder.
• History of recent suicide attempt or overdose of tricyclic antidepressants or other medications.
• History of transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke within the last year.
• History of systemic lupus erythematosis.
• Abnormal liver enzymes (AST or ALT) > 3 times upper limit of normal.
• History of atrial fibrillation.
• History of retinal branch artery occlusion.
• Active dermatitis inner forearms.
• Any other medical history determined by investigators to preclude safe participation.

Additional Exclusion Criteria for Flumazenil sub-studies:

• Allergy to flumazenil
• Significant liver disease
• History of alcohol or other substance abuse within past two years.
• Subjects currently taking benzodiazepines