Mobile Mental Health Apps for Suicide Prevention

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) consists of 9 depression items and one disability item. Each item is associated with a DSM symptom of depression, which the participant rates whether or not they have experienced the symptom over the last two weeks, with severity rating of 0-3. It is one of the few measures that is brief (it takes less than one minute to give) and has been found to have excellent sensitivity to change over time, with a total sum score ranging from 0 - 27. Higher scores indicate higher depression symptom severity.

The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) is a 7- item screener for generalized anxiety. It consists of items related to generalized anxiety disorder. Participants rate on a scale of 0-3 how much they have experienced in the last two weeks to crease a total sum score ranging from 0 - 21. The scale is a valid screener for generalized anxiety symptoms. Higher scores indicate higher anxiety symptom severity.

The Brief Difficulties with Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS) is a brief, 36-item, self-report questionnaire designed to assess multiple aspects of emotion dysregulation. a 36-item self-report measure of six facets of emotion regulation. Items are rated on a scale of 1 ("almost never [0-10%]") to 5 ("almost always [91-100%]"). Total scores range from 18 - 90 with higher scores indicate more difficulty in emotion regulation.

The suicidal behavioral questionnaire revised (SBQ-R) is a self-report questionnaire designed to identify risk factors for suicide. Total scores range from 3 to 18, with higher scores indicate indicating higher risk of suicidal behavior.

This is a four item measure of intervention acceptability, where each item is rated on a 1-5 scale, with 1 = not at all acceptable and 5 = very acceptable. Total mean scores range from 1 - 5, with higher scores indicating higher acceptability. Participants will complete this measure after 4 weeks of using the mobile mental health app to which they are randomized.

This is a four item measure of intervention appropriateness, where each item is rated on a 1-5 scale, with 1 = not at all acceptable and 5 = very acceptable. A total mean score ranges from 1 - 5, with higher scores indicating higher appropriateness. Participants will complete this measure after 4 weeks of using the mobile mental health app to which they are randomized.

The Intervention Usability Scale (IUS) is a 10-item measure that assesses intervention usability through its likeability, learnability, difficulty, need for support, system integration, and efficiency. The measure is based on the System Usability Scale (SUS), a standardized, normed measure in industry for digital tools. Total scores can range from 0 - 100 with higher scores indicate higher levels of usability.

This is a four item measure of intervention feasibility, where each item is rated on a 1-5 scale, with 1 = not at all acceptable and 5 = very acceptable, with a total mean score ranging from 1 to 5. Participants will complete this measure after 4 weeks of using the mobile mental health app to which they are randomized. High scores indicate higher levels of feasibility. No data displayed because outcome measure data was not collected therefore zero total participants analyzed.

Standardized measure of health status with a total score range of 0 - 1. Maximum score of one indicates the best health state.

Standardized measure of alcohol/drug use with a total score range of 0 - 4. Higher scores indicate higher risk for substance use.

The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) is a 6-item, self-reported measure of an individual's ability to bounce back, resist illness, adapt to stress, or thrive in the face of adversity. Responses for all 6 items are on a scale of 1-5, with a total mean score ranging from 1 to 5. Higher score indicates higher resilience.

Gilbert and Allan (1998) designed the items on this scale in order to depict a sense of failed struggle and losing rank. This measure requests participants to respond to 16 items on a 5-point Likert scale (ranging from 0 = 'Never' to 4 = 'Always') asking them how much they had felt defeated in the previous seven days, for example item 1 'I feel that I have not made it in life'. This scale has very high internal consistency with Alpha coefficients of 0.94 for females and 0.93 for males in both groups, furthermore reliability of 0.94 for students and 0.93 for depressed group. Total score can range from 0 to 64. Higher scores indicate higher levels of defeat.

This 16-item entrapment scale asks participants to indicate on a 5-point scale the degree to which the items represent their thoughts and feelings. The response options are 0 = 'not at all like me', 1 = 'a little bit like me', 2 = 'moderately like me', 3= 'quite a bit like me' and 4 = 'extremely like me'. Gilbert and Allan (1998) reported high levels of internal consistency for both student and depressed groups, with Cronbach's alphas respectively of .93 and .86 in Internal Entrapment, and .88 and .89 in External Entrapment. Total score can range from 0 to 64. Higher scores indicate higher levels of entrapment.

Brief questionnaire that asks respondents to think about themselves and other people, based on the respondent's current beliefs and experiences. Higher scores indicate higher levels of thwarted belongingness (subscale range 9 to 63) and perceived burdensomeness (subscale range 9 to 63).

No data displayed because outcome measure data was not collected therefore zero total participants analyzed.