ML-Based Multi-Sensor Fall Risk Screening in DMD

The Performance of the Upper Limb (PUL) Module 2.0 is a validated assessment tool designed to evaluate upper limb function in individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. The PUL 2.0 consists of 22 items covering three domains: shoulder level, mid-level (elbow), and distal level (hand). Each item is scored based on task performance, and the total score ranges from 0 to 42, with higher scores indicating better upper limb function.

The Brooke Upper Extremity Functional Rating Scale is a 6-point scale used to evaluate upper limb functional ability, primarily in patients with neuromuscular disorders such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Scores range from 1 to 6, where:

1 = Able to abduct arms in a full circle until they touch above the head 6 = Cannot raise hands to the mouth and has no useful function of the hands

Lower scores indicate better upper limb function.

Grip strength will be measured using the Jamar Plus+ Digital Hand Dynamometer, a validated and widely used device for quantifying hand grip strength in kilograms (kg). Participants will be instructed to sit upright with the shoulder adducted and neutrally rotated, elbow flexed at 90 degrees, forearm in neutral position, and wrist in 0 to 30 degrees extension. The average of three consecutive trials will be recorded for each assessment. Higher values indicate greater grip strength.