MINDFUL-OBOT: Effect of Mindfulness on Opioid Use and Anxiety During Primary Care Buprenorphine Treatment

Percentage of participants who would recommend the program to a friend (score of 4 or 5 on a Likert scale (1-5))

Percentage of attendance out of 24 weekly group sessions during the 6 month study period.

The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System - Anxiety Short Form 8a (PROMIS-ASF) is an 8-item scale used to assess patient-reported health status for anxiety. PROMIS instruments are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and used to reliably and validly measure patient-reported outcomes for clinical research and practice. Subjects are asked to rate their experience of the item in the past seven days on a 5-point scale from 1 (Never) to 5 (Always). With use of the PROMIS Assessment Center Scoring Service, a T score is generated from subject responses. A sample item includes "My worries overwhelmed me."

Number of 2-week time periods with no self-reported illicit opioid use and biochemically-confirmed abstinence from illicit opioid use during a 24-week period. Urine toxicology will be administered every two weeks for 24 weeks and weekly self-report about illicit opioid use will be collected weekly.

The PROMIS Pain Interference instruments measure the self-reported consequences of pain on relevant aspects of one's life. This includes the extent to which pain hinders engagement with social, cognitive, emotional, physical, and recreational activities. Pain Interference also incorporates items probing sleep and enjoyment in life, though the item bank only contains one sleep item. The Pain Interference short form is universal rather than disease-specific. It assesses pain interference over the past seven days. each question has five response options ranging in value from one to five (for pediatrics and parent proxy it is 0 to 4). To find the total raw score for a short form with all questions answered, sum the values of the response to each question. For example, for the adult 6-item form, the lowest possible raw score is 6; the highest possible raw score is 30. A higher PROMIS T-score represents higher consequences of pain.

Number of 2-week time periods with no self-reported cocaine use and biochemically-confirmed abstinence from cocaine use during a 24-week period.

The Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ) is a 15-item scale developed to assess a broad range of experiential avoidance (EA) content. Answers are based on a 6-point Likert scale. Total score is sum of individual items (range is 15 - 90). Higher score indicates higher levels of experiential avoidance.

The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System - Depression Short Form 8a (PROMIS-DSF) is an 8-item scale used to assess patient-reported health status for depression. PROMIS instruments are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and used to reliably and validly measure patient-reported outcomes for clinical research and practice. Participants are asked to rate their experience of the item in the past seven days on a 5-point scale from 1 (Never) to 5 (Always).

is a 39-item scale that examines five factors that represent aspects of the current empirical conception of mindfulness. These five facets include: "observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience." An example item is "I pay attention to how my emotions affect my thoughts and behavior." Subjects rate their degree of agreement with each of the items on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (Never or very rarely true) to 5 (Very often or always true), with higher scores indicating higher experience of mindfulness. Total score is sum of all facets (range is 39 - 195). Subscales range from 7 - 40.

The DERS is a 36-item self-report scale designed to assess emotional dysregulation. The scale assess 6 aspects of emotional dysregulation: non-acceptance of emotional responses ("When I'm upset, I become embarrassed for feeling that way"), difficulties engaging in goal directed behavior ("When I'm upset, I have difficulty thinking about anything else"), impulse control difficulties ("When I'm upset, I lose control over my behaviors"), lack of emotional awareness ("When I'm upset, I take time to figure out what I'm really feeling (reverse-scored)", limited access to emotion regulation strategies ("When I'm upset, it takes me a long time to feel better"), and lack of emotional clarity ("I have no idea how I am feeling"). Answers are selected from a 1-5 Likert scale. Total score is sum of each subscale. Subscales are scored by summing individual subscale items. Total score ranges from 36 to 180 and subscale scores range from 5 to 40.

The PSS Scale uses 14 items to measure the degree to which situations in life are stressful. Items are designed to evaluate how overloaded, unpredictable, and uncontrollable one finds one's life. Each item is scored on a 5 point Likert scale from 0 (Never) to 4 (Very often). An example question is, "In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?" Positively stated items are reverse scored before all scale items are summed to yield a total score. Total score ranges from 0 to 56.

The short-form Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-SF) is an abbreviated 12-item form of the original 26-item Self-Compassion Scale. The scale is scored on a 5 point Likert scale (1 = Almost never; 5 = Almost always), and negative subscale items are reverse scored. Total score is calculated by taking the mean of all scores and ranges from 1 to 5.

The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) is a 32-item self-report scale designed to assess multiple aspects of interoception and interoceptive awareness. The 6 point Likert scale (ranging from 0-5) assesses 8 aspects of interoceptive awareness: noticing, not-distracting, not-worrying, attention regulation, emotional awareness, self-regulation, body listening, and trusting. Subscales are averaged, and a higher total score represents a better outcome. Total average score can also be reported. Total and subscale scores range from 0 to 5.

Participants complete a computerized test measuring sustained attention and response inhibition. They are asked to press a key in response to rapidly displayed integers (1-9) and withhold a response to a designated "no-go" integer.

This is a brief delay discounting task performed on a computer that presents a series of 5 discrete choice questions between delayed larger reward and smaller sooner reward in dollars.