Mental Health and Symptoms of Energy Deficiency (REDs) in Young Biathletes

Being physically active is associated with a range of positive mental, physical, and psychosocial health benefits. Although athletes might be expected to enjoy these positive health effects, studies also show that high-level competitive athletes have a similar prevalence of certain mental disorders as the general population. Beyond reflecting the normal occurrence of mental health challenges in the population, performance expectations related to participation in competitive sports may contribute to many athletes experiencing periods or persistent mental health issues. Despite the increased openness in recent years about top athletes experiencing mental stress and disorders, there is little knowledge about the overall prevalence, especially among younger athletes at sub-elite performance levels. In 2023, Norwegian media highlighted a serious concern about the mental health of young biathletes, underscored by an alarming and unexpectedly high incidence of suicide among young biathlon talents.

Ski sports are among many weight-sensitive sports challenged by a high prevalence of eating disorders, particularly among female athletes. Eating disorders are linked to a high risk of low energy availability (LEA) and the syndrome relative energy deficiency (REDs) in athletes. REDs involve a variety of health challenges that follow LEA, and mental health issues can be both contributing factors to and effects of LEA. Knowledge about the prevalence of LEA, eating disorders, and REDs specifically among biathletes is very limited. A recent study found that a group of young female skiers (17 years old), including biathletes, on average consumed too little energy and carbohydrates relative to their athletic needs, and that 17% had LEA. A previous study recruited female athletes aged 25 years with self-expressed concern for REDs. This study found an overall prevalence of eating disorders corresponding to 21.3%, and that 65% in the sub-group of biathletes had LEA. Athletes with LEA symptoms had both lower weight and BMI, and the highest prevalence of eating disorders. At the same time, there is a study with young male skiers (including biathletes) aged 16 years, which finds a high prevalence of low bone mass and loss of bone mass through puberty. Low bone mass is one of the cardinal signs of LEA and REDs.

There is a need to map the prevalence of mental health issues and symptoms of REDs in young biathletes. Such knowledge can be used to understand the extent, specific vulnerable periods, and potentially explain why some are more affected than others. This knowledge can be used to more easily identify those who may need help and to initiate early interventions before the severity and complexity increase. In this exploratory national cross-sectional study, the aim is to map mental health and symptoms of REDs in young biathlon talents aged 16-19 years. In connection with mapping the physical symptoms of REDs, this study also aim to evaluate athlete experiences when closely following the new proposed guidelines and recommendations for measuring body composition in athletes. The guidelines (three members of this project group contributed in producing those guidelines) were given to protect athletes from negative experiences with body evaluation, so fewer are at risk of developing a negative body image and disordered eating behaviors or eating disorders.

This study works from the following hypotheses: 1) The prevalence of body dissatisfaction, depression, eating disorders, and symptoms of REDs (hereafter: outcome measures) is low in 16-year-old biathletes; 2) the prevalence of outcome measures increases with age and is therefore higher in 18-year-old biathletes; 3) the prevalence of eating disorders and symptoms of REDs is higher in girls than boys in all age groups; 4) young biathletes aged 18 years experience a professional and safe implementation of body composition evaluation when recommended guidelines are followed.

Inclusion criteria

• competetive biathlete
• live in Norway, speaks or understand written and oral Norwegian

Exclusion criteria

• injured and prevented from regular training (3 months leading up to recruitement)