Meditation Based Lifestyle Modification in Depression

Change of depressive Symptoms

The FMI (14 item version; FMI-14) is a widely used instrument that assesses trait mindfulness that has been validated in a number of studies. This short form of the originally 30-items questionnaire provides robust and psychometrically stable (alpha = .86) properties. It is semantically independent from a Buddhist or meditation context (Walach, Buchheld, Buttenmüller, Kleinknecht, & Schmidt, 2006).

The MAAS (K. W. Brown & Ryan, 2003) is a 15-item scale designed to assess a core characteristic of dispositional mindfulness, namely, open or receptive awareness of and attention to what is taking place in the present. The scale shows strong psychometric properties and has been validated with college, community, and cancer patient samples. Correlational, quasi-experimental, and laboratory studies have shown that the MAAS taps a unique quality of consciousness that is related to, and predictive of, a variety of self-regulation and well-being constructs.

The Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983) is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. It is a measure of the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. Items were designed to tap how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives. The scale also includes a number of direct queries about current levels of experienced stress.

The BSI-18 (Franke et al., 2017) contains the three six-item scales somatization, depression, and anxiety as well as the Global Severity Index (GSI), including all 18 items. The BSI-18 is the latest and shortest of the multidimensional versions of the commonly used Symptom-Checklist 90-R.

The ASF assesses generalized self-efficacy as well as specific factors such as achievement, social interaction and body- related self esteem. Its internal consistency (Chronbach's α) is 0.90 for the general scale, and 0.74-0.84 for its subscales. The test-retest reliability for the ASF is rtt 0.66 over a period of eight weeks (Flatten, Wälte, & Perlitz, 2008).

This instrument (Bussing, Reiser, Michalsen, & Baumann, 2012) was designed to measure the engagement frequencies of a large spectrum of organized and private religious, spiritual, existential and philosophical practices. It avoids the intermix of cognitive / emotional attitudes and convictions on the one hand with the engagement in forms of practice (action, behaviour) on the other. To account for the fact of institutional religiosity declines not only in Europe, and the alternative use of various existing esoteric and religious resources, the instrument differentiates both the frequency of conventional forms of spirituality/religiosity, and also more reflecting or philosophical practice and nature/environment- oriented practices.

TGS is an instrument to rate a variety of psychosocial traits (e.g. cognition, motivation, social behavior etc.) according to tri-guna model of Yoga philosophy (M. Puta, 2016; Maika Puta & Sedlmeier, 2014). The reliability of the majority of the 27 scales corresponds to reliability values of established personality inventories: Cronbach's α of 24 subscales is above .7. The internal consistencies of the other three subscales don't meet this standard, but their values are still above .6. Measures determining the validity of the inventory are very good. The exploratory factor analysis of the second study shows that all scales consist of three factors, each of which can be related to one of the gunas.

The TRIM is a self-report instrument that assesses the motivations assumed to underlie forgiving: Avoidance and Revenge. Responses to 12 statements referring to a transgression recipient's current thoughts and feelings about the transgressor are scored on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Recently, a six-item subscale to reflect benevolent motivations toward the transgressor has been under development (contact the first author for details). The TRIM subscales not only correlate with a variety of relationship, offense, and social-cognitive variables, they have also demonstrated strong relationships to a single-item measure of forgiveness. The inventory takes approximately 5 minutes to complete (McCullough et al., 1998).

ZUF-8 is a global, one-dimensional patient satisfaction measurement tool. It is the German-language adaptation of the American CSQ-8 by Attkisson & Zwick (1982). Over eight items, the general satisfaction with aspects of the clinic or the received treatment is recorded. ZUF-8 is particularly suitable for economical screening of patient satisfaction (Schmidt, Lamprecht, & Wittmann, 1989).

The PTQ (Ehring et al., 2011) is a 15-item questionnaire assessing the tendency to engage in repetitive negative thinking independent of a disorder-specific content. Items are rated on a scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (almost always). The PTQ consists of three subscales: Core features of repetitive negative thinking (sample item: 'The same thoughts keep going through my mind again and again'.), perceived unproductiveness of repetitive negative thinking (sample item: 'I keep asking myself questions without finding an answer'.), and repetitive negative thinking capturing mental capacity (sample item: 'My thoughts prevent me from focusing on other things'.). Confirmatory factor analysis provides support for a 3-factor solution.

The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) is a five-item measure of religious involvement, and was developed for use in large cross-sectional and longitudinal observational studies. The instrument assesses the three major dimensions of religiosity that were identified during a consensus meeting sponsored by the National Institute on Aging. Those three dimensions are organizational religious activity, non-organizational religious activity, and intrinsic religiosity (or subjective religiosity). The DUREL measures each of these dimensions by a separate "subscale", and correlations with health outcomes should be analyzed by subscale in separate models.

The ASP questionnaire was developed to measure a wide variety of vital aspects of spirituality beyond conventional conceptual boundaries in secular societies. Both expert representatives of various spiritual orientations and also atheists were asked which aspects of spirituality are relevant to them (Büssing, 2006). Identified motifs we condensed to 40 items of the Aspects of Spirituality (ASP 1.0) questionnaire (7 factors; Cronbach ́s alpha = .94) (Büssing et al., 2007) which differentiates and quantifies cognitive, emotional, intentional and action-oriented matters of theism/belief, (esoteric) transcendence, existentialism, humanism etc. The reliable and valid instrument is suited to be used in health care research (Büssing et al. 2007).

The SpREUK was developed to investigate whether or not patients with chronic diseases living in secular societies rely on spirituality as a resource to cope with illness. The SpREUK questionnaire relies on essential motifs found in counseling interviews with chronic disease patients (i.e., having trust/faith; search for a transcendent source to rely on; reflection of life and subsequent change of life and behavior). The instrument is suited to be used in health care research (A Büssing, Ostermann, & Matthiessen, 2005).

Patients receive weekly working sheets to document daily, cumulative duration of practice.

Faros eMotion 180 derived 3-lead ECG Heart Rate Variability (RR-Intervals in ms)

FitBit Charge 2 derived Heart Rate (beats per minute)

FitBit Charge 2 derived sleep duration in minutes

FitBit Charge 2 derived steps per day

A single qualitative interview with selected patients (around 10 patients in each group) will be held after at least 8 weeks of treatment to assess qualitative data:

Interviews will involve the following domains of exploration

• How has the treatment you have received during the last weeks has affected your depression?
• How did you experience the treatment?
• What does spirituality mean to you and how has that changed during the treatment?

Interviews are an optional part of the study in terms of a mixed model approach to receive quantitative and qualitative data as well. Participants willing to be interviewed have to sign an additional consent for the collection and processing of personal interview data.