Maternal Betaine Supplementation During Breastfeeding

Weight and length will be measured at different time-points and combined to calculate weight-for-length z scores.

Weight and length will be measured at different time-points and combined to calculate weight-for-length z scores.

Weight and length will be measured at different time-points and combined to calculate weight-for-length z scores.

Weight and length will be measured at different time-points and combined to calculate weight-for-length z scores.

Weight and length will be measured at different time-points and combined to calculate weight-for-length z scores.

Total body and abdominal fat mass measured by DXA scan

We will quantify betaine and related metabolites in maternal breast milk samples

We will quantify betaine and related metabolites in maternal plasma samples

We will quantify betaine and related metabolites in infant urine samples

DNA from infant fecal samples will be sequenced to quantify abundance of the different bacterial groups.

DNA from maternal fecal samples will be sequenced to quantify abundance of the different bacterial groups.

DNA from breast milk samples will be sequenced to quantify abundance of the different bacterial groups.

Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry will be used to obtain a comprehensive metabolic profile of breast milk samples

Developmental progress will be evaluated with the parental reported ASQ-3 questionnaires

Respondents: Parents/caregivers

This evaluation is used to assist in the diagnosis of intellectual and developmental disabilities and measure the adaptive behaviors of individuals.

9 subdomains 3 domains and a overall ABCa. Motor Skills (77). Maladaptive Behavior (44) items. Total 502 items.

The main domains are: Communication, Daily Living Skills, Socialization, Motor Skills, and Maladaptive Behavior (optional). The domain scores yield an adaptive behavior composite.

A scaled score typically tells us how well a child did on a specific sub-test, and a standard score typically tells us how well a child did on a broad domain (which is often made of sub-tests). Scaled Scores have a score range of 0 - 19 points, with an average score of 10 points.

Respondents: Parents/teachers. Information about a child's behaviour that is directly relevant to an understanding of that child's executive functioning.

63 items that measure various aspects of executive functioning: Inhibit, Shift, Emotional Control, Working Memory, and Plan/Organize.

A Likert-type scale with "never," "sometimes," and "often" options for rating behavior. The raw scores for the clinical scales and composite indexes are converted into standardized T-scores.

Higher scores on BRIEF-P clinical scales and composite indexes indicate greater difficulties with executive functions, while lower scores suggest fewer problems. Interpretation should consider clinical norms and the overall profile to assess the significance of the child's performance.

Respondents: childs, in direct interaction with the examiner. Is an individually administered, standardized assessment designed to evaluate the intelligence of young children.

The age range of the WPPSI-IV is divided into two age bands, ages 2:6-3:11 and ages 4:0-7:7.

WPPSI-IV (ages 2:6-3:11) can be interpreted at three levels: FSIQ (Full Scale Quotient), Primary Indexes (VCI=Verbal Comprehension Index, VSI=Visual Spatial Index, WMI=Working Memory Index), and Ancillary Indexes (VAI=Verbal Acquisition Index, NVI=Nonverbal Index, GAI=General Ability Index).

WPPSI-IV scores can be calculated manually or via software. Subtest raw scores convert to scaled scores (M=10, SD=3), which sum into composite scores (M=100, SD=15, e.g., FSIQ). Age-based percentiles are available. Practitioners can analyze discrepancies between composites and identify cognitive strengths and weaknesses.

Higher scaled or composite scores indicate better performance on that subtest or domain.

Respondents: Childs.

Age range: 2:0-99:11.

Copying geometric figures of increasing complexity to assess visual-motor integration. Helps assess the extent to which individuals can integrate their visual and motor abilities.

Poor performance on the Beery VMI is associated with difficulties in spatial organization of written text and maths. Some studies propose a cut-off below the 25th percentile to identify below-average motor performance. This treshold is higher than the 15th and 16th percentile cut-offs used in research to indicate severe difficulties with motor coordination affecting daily life.

Raw scores on the Beery VMI can range from 1 to 27, with a higher score reflecting a better performance. Raw scores can be converted into norm scores, which are adjusted for age.