Machine-Based Pilates on Quality of Life and Low Back Pain in Older Adults

Chronic low back pain is one of the most prevalent and debilitating conditions among older adults, often compromising physical function and overall quality of life. Structured physical exercise, particularly the Pilates method, is widely recommended for managing this condition. However, existing literature primarily focuses on younger populations using mat-based group classes. This pilot study utilizes an exploratory mixed-methods design to investigate the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a 12-week individualized, machine-based Classical Pilates program on quality of life and low back pain in active older adults (aged 55 to 75 years). Participants will complete 24 individual sessions (twice a week). The aim is to assess changes in physical domains of quality of life and perceived low back pain intensity, while gathering qualitative contextual insights on body awareness and psychosocial well-being.

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Key information

Conditions

Low Back Pain Aging Back Pain Neurologic Manifestations Pain Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms Quality of Life Signs and Symptoms

Age range

55 year–75 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Instituto Politécnico de Leiria

Leiria, Leiria District, 2411-901, Portugal

About this study

The study is designed as an exploratory, quasi-experimental, single-arm pilot study. Participants presenting with moderate disability caused by low back pain (Oswestry Disability Index = 21% to 40%) will undergo a structured exercise protocol utilizing the Classical Pilates method on machines in a one-on-one setting. The intervention spans 12 weeks, consisting of two individual 50-minute sessions per week.

The pedagogical structure is divided into two distinct Classical approach components: the "Skeleton" (core base exercises on the Reformer and Mat) and the "System" (adaptations and specific exercises on auxiliary equipment like the Wunda Chair, Cadillac, and Barrels). Exercise progression is individualized based on biomechanical control, absence of pain, and ability to maintain a neutral lumbopelvic position. Resistance is modified primarily via adjustable springs on the equipment. Exercise intensity is strictly monitored using the Talk Test to ensure a light-to-moderate exertion level suitable for the geriatric demographic.

Assessments are conducted at baseline and post-intervention (12 weeks) using the WHOQOL-Bref for quality of life and the Oswestry Disability Index Version 2.0 for low back pain disability. Additionally, a qualitative focus group will be conducted post-intervention with a subsample of participants to capture contextual insights regarding mobility, psychosocial benefits, and daily habit integration.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

Aged between 55 and 75 years.
Physically active in daily routines.
No previous experience with machine-based Pilates.
Presenting with moderate disability (Oswestry Disability Index = 21% to 40%) caused by low back pain.

Exclusion criteria

Absolute contraindications to physical exercise.
Severe spinal pathologies (e.g., hernias requiring surgery, severe osteoporosis, idiopathic scoliosis).
Previous or scheduled spinal surgeries.
Severe disability (Oswestry Disability Index > 41%).
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Recent stroke or myocardial infarction.
Uncontrolled hypertension.
Active oncological treatment.
Physical therapy treatment for low back pain within the six months prior to the study.

Treatment and study plan

Machine-Based Classical Pilates Program

Behavioral

A 12-week program consisting of two individual 50-minute sessions per week. The protocol integrates "Skeleton" exercises (Mat and Reformer) and "System" exercises (auxiliary equipment). The periodization varies the positional stimulus (starting on Mat for the first 6 weeks, and starting on Reformer for the final 6 weeks). Intensity is maintained at a light-to-moderate level, monitored continuously via the Talk Test.

Primary outcomes

Change in Quality of Life

Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 13).

Assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief (WHOQOL-Bref) questionnaire. It evaluates four domains: physical, psychological, social relationships, and environment. Responses for each item are recorded on a five-point scale ranging from 1 (minimum) to 5 (maximum), and the total domain scores are transformed to a 0 to 100 scale, where 0 is the minimum possible score and 100 is the maximum possible score. Higher scores indicate a better perceived quality of life.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Instituto Politécnico de Leiria

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Feasibility and Preliminary Outcomes of a Machine-Based Pilates Program on Quality of Life and Low Back Pain in Aged Adults: A Mixed-Methods Approach

Acronym: Pilates-LBP

Important dates

Study start: 2024
Primary completion: 2025
Study completion: 2025
First posted: May 19, 2026
Registry last updated: May 22, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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Completed