Low-level Laser Therapy in Pain and Perineal Healing in the Immediate Postpartum Period: a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Perineal pain intensity will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), a validated instrument ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 represents "no pain" and 10 represents "the worst pain imaginable." Participants will be asked to rate their level of perineal pain at rest. The assessment will be performed in the immediate postpartum period following the intervention.

Perineal pain intensity will be assessed 24 hours postpartum using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), a validated instrument ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 represents "no pain" and 10 represents "the worst pain imaginable." Participants will be asked to rate their level of perineal pain at rest at 24 hours after delivery.

Perineal pain intensity will be assessed 48 hours postpartum using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), a validated instrument ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 represents "no pain" and 10 represents "the worst pain imaginable." Participants will be asked to rate their level of perineal pain at rest 48 hours after delivery.

Perineal wound healing will be assessed using the REEDA scale (Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, and Approximation), a validated instrument used to evaluate the healing process of perineal trauma. Each item is scored from 0 to 3, with total scores ranging from 0 to 15, where lower scores indicate better healing. The assessment will be performed in the immediate postpartum period following the intervention.

Perineal wound healing will be assessed 24 hours postpartum using the REEDA scale (Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, and Approximation), a validated instrument used to evaluate the healing process of perineal trauma. Each item is scored from 0 to 3, with total scores ranging from 0 to 15, where lower scores indicate better healing. The assessment will be performed 24 hours after delivery.

The need for pharmacological analgesia will be recorded during the postpartum period. This outcome will assess whether participants required analgesic medication for perineal pain management after the intervention.

Participants' perceived overall change in their clinical condition will be evaluated using the Global Change Perception Scale (GCPS). This scale measures the participant's subjective perception of improvement or worsening of symptoms after the intervention. Participants will be asked to rate their perceived change compared with their initial condition.

Maternal satisfaction with the intervention will be assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 represents "not satisfied at all" and 10 represents "completely satisfied." Participants will be asked to rate their level of satisfaction with the care received during the immediate postpartum period.

Adherence to the intervention will be evaluated by recording participants' compliance with the assigned treatment protocol. This outcome will assess whether participants received and completed the intervention as planned during the study period.

Adverse effects associated with laser therapy will be monitored and recorded throughout the study period. Participants will be assessed for the presence of potential adverse events, including itching (pruritus), tingling sensation (paresthesia), and blister formation at the application site.

Complications related to perineal laceration will be monitored and recorded during the postpartum period. These complications include suture dehiscence, surgical site infection, need for surgical reintervention, and postpartum wound bleeding.