Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Pulsation (LIFUP) for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Anxiety disorders have tremendous disease burden in the United States. Up to 1 in 3 Americans will be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder in their lifetimes. Anxiety treatment is typically consisting of psychotherapy (e.g. cognitive behavioral therapy) and medication management (e.g. benzodiazepines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, etc). With major depressive disorder, rTMS is a suitable alternative treatment for refractory depression, rTMS is not approved for treatment of anxiety, nor can rTMS stimulate deep enough to reach those brain circuits involved in anxiety (e.g. the amygdala). Focused ultrasound is a new treatment modality being developed for several different neuropsychiatric conditions. In this study, the investigators propose to randomize 48 individuals to either active or sham treatment. Each participant will be evaluated to establish a baseline diagnose of generalized anxiety disorder, and then will be reassessed after each treatment session (of which there are four). One week and one month after the last treatment session, the investigators will conduct follow-up evaluations.

Inclusion criteria

• Male or female
• Age 18-65
• Normal or corrected-to normal vision and hearing
• Primary diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, moderate/severe per DSM-5. (HAM-A>17) 4a) The duration of the illness must exceed one year.
• Must be medically stable as determined by investigator
• Patient must have attempted and failed treatment with at least 2 SSRI and 1 augmentation
• History of rTMS is permitted, but not required.

Exclusion criteria

• Diagnosis of primary DSM-5 anxiety disorder other than GAD 1a) Affective disorders such as unipolar or bipolar depression are permitted as long as GAD is primary
• Current use of any non-prescribed psychoactive medications or drugs (aside from medications for treatment of GAD)
• Contraindication to enter the MRI environment
• Pregnancy (or suspected/possible pregnancy or plan to become pregnant in the short-term)
• Inability to adhere to treatment schedule
• Initiation of new anxiolytic treatment at the time of study randomization