Longitudinal Multimodal Profiling of Balance and Gait In Stroke

Brain Computer Interface represent a groundbreaking field at the crossroads of neuroscience and engineering, serving as a direct communication link between the human brain and computer system.

Despite advancements in BCI technology, the electrocortical oscillations during human walking remain relatively unexplored, providing an opportunity for pioneering investigations.

The research highlights the feasibility of using EEG to decode neural patterns associated with various functions and aims to contribute to existing knowledge by using advanced EEG-based techniques to predict balance and gait patterns with the ultimate goal of tailoring rehabilitation approaches to individual patient needs.

Inclusion criteria

• First-ever clinical stroke (ischaemic or haemorrhagic) confirmed by admitting doctors brain imaging
• Age 21 to 85 years
• At least ≥ 30 days post-stroke
• Gait impairments related to stroke
• Functional ambulation category -6 levels (Mehrholz et al, 2007): FAC ≥ 4, i.e. able to ambulate independently on level surface but requires supervision to negotiate (e.g. stairs, inclines, non-level surfaces).
• Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score > 21 (Nasreddine et al., 2005)
• Able to understand study instructions and requirements

Exclusion criteria

• Non-stroke related causes of gait impairment
• Medical conditions incompatible with research participation: uncontrolled medical illnesses (hypertension or diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, bronchial asthma, severe /untreated depression, agitation, end stage renal/liver/heart/lung failure, dialysis, unresolved cancers e.g.,), active seizures within 3 months
• Anticipated life expectancy of < 6 months
• On subcutaneous or oral anti-coagulation
• Local factors potentially worsened by gait training: joint and muscle pains
• Lower limb pain VAS >4/10, active lower limb fractures or arthritis, fixed leg contractures, severe peripheral vascular disease, organomegaly or aortic aneurysms
• Active unhealed skin wounds or inflammatory skin conditions over trunk and lower limbs,
• Severe visual impairment or visual neglect affecting navigation
• Known allergy to EEG gel (Recoverix)
• Presence of craniectomy skull defect
• Resident of nursing home or overseas country which may compromise attendance at research site
• Pregnant or lactating females