Long-Term Outcomes of Early Communication Intervention for Deaf/Hard of Hearing Toddlers

Hearing loss is one of the most prevalent congenital conditions. Recent advances in early detection and technology have contributed to significant improvements in long-term outcomes for deaf/hard-of-hearing (DHH) children. Despite this progress, language and literacy outcomes for school-age DHH children are inconsistent, and many DHH children do not "catch up" to their hearing peers. Closing this gap requires the implementation of effective early communication interventions. Yet, until recently, there was a significant paucity of research on early communication interventions for DHH children. Parent-mediated interventions (PMIs), which involve teaching parents strategies to enhance their child's language learning experiences, are a promising form of early intervention for DHH toddlers. During the previous project period (NCT03803943), 96 DHH children, between 12 and 18 months of age and their parents, were enrolled. Parent-child dyads were randomly assigned to receive either the PMI or business-as-usual control group. The investigators examined the effects of the intervention on (a) parent strategy use and (b) child communication outcomes during and after the 6-month intervention period. The follow-up period of the clinical trial is outlined here.

This trial will be the first large-scale evaluation of the long-term effects of an early communication intervention on school-age language and literacy outcomes for DHH children. The study enrolled 96 parent-child dyads, 88 of whom remain involved and consented to contact for the follow-up period. The investigators will complete follow-up assessments during early elementary school. The investigators plan to examine the long-term effects of the intervention on school-age outcomes and characterize the intermediary mechanisms of these effects. The investigators consider not only how early communication interventions affect subsequent child outcomes, but also how involving parents early in their child's development may lay the foundation for sustained parent engagement as children transition to school-based services. Taken together, the investigators plan to integrate child and parent outcomes to fully characterize how early language learning experiences shape long-term language and literacy outcomes. Understanding the pathways through which early interventions affect the developmental trajectory of DHH children will have widespread implications for research and clinical practice.

Eligibility for the follow-up period of the clinical trial is dependent on enrollment in the initial period of the clinical trial.

Child inclusion criteria were:

• between 12-18 months
• diagnosed with bilateral hearing loss
• no additional diagnoses (e.g., Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, seizure disorder, blindness, etc.)
• one parent with typical hearing
• exposed to some degree of spoken language by their parents.