Long-term Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Carriage

There are four specific aims for this study: (1) to determine the overall and serotype specific prevalence and incidence of pneumococcal carriage among children and adults at high risk for carriage and disease in the era of routine pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) use compared with those measures in the same population prior to use of PCV vaccine; (2) to characterize the intrafamilial NP transmission of clones among those living with children less than 8 years of age; (3) to determine the immune correlates of protection from serotype specific pneumococcal carriage among individuals immunized and not immunized with PCV; and (4) to determine the relative invasiveness of serotypes of pneumococcus during an era of widespread PCV use and compare this to the relative invasiveness of serotypes prior to routine use of PCV.

Inclusion criteria

for the Family to Participate.

• At least one parent is a member of the Navajo or White Mountain Apache Tribe
• Family home is on or near the Navajo or Apache reservation
• At least one child in the household is 8 years of age or younger (minimum age of eligibility: birth)
• At least one child in the household is fully immunized with Prevnar.
• At least two people in the household will participate in the study
• Willingness to participate for a 6-month time period

Exclusion criteria

for the Family to Participate.

• Family will be moving off reservation during the study period

Inclusion criteria

for Individuals.

• Living in the household
• Willing to participate for a 6-month time period

Exclusion criteria

for Individuals.

• Congenital anomalies of the nasopharynx

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