Long-term Effects of a Lay Health Advisor Intervention on Immigrant Children's Caries

The caries status of each tooth was recorded using the dmft index, as follows: decayed (d), missing (m), or filled (f) tooth (t). For each child, caries experience was measured using the dmft index of primary teeth.

The caries status of each tooth was recorded using the dmft index, as follows: decayed (d), missing (m), or filled (f) tooth (t). For each child, caries experience was measured using the dmft index of primary teeth.

The caries status of each tooth was recorded using the dmft index, as follows: decayed (d), missing (m), or filled (f) tooth (t). For each child, caries experience was measured using the dmft index of primary teeth.

Item including that"Do you ask your child to brush his/her teeth?" The response was coded as zero (not/seldom/sometimes) or one (always). "How many times you help your child to brush his/her teeth every day?" The response was coded as zero (no/less than two times/day) or one (two or more times/day). "How long do you help your child brush his/her teeth every time?" The response was coded as zero (no/less than three minutes) or one (three or more minutes). "When was the last time that you took your child for a dental visit?" and "Why did you take your child for a dental visit?" The responses were coded as zero (last dental visit more than six months or dental visit for oral or tooth discomfort) or one (last dental visit six months or less and dental visit for regular checkup).

Item including that"Do you ask your child to brush his/her teeth?" The response was coded as zero (not/seldom/sometimes) or one (always). "How many times you help your child to brush his/her teeth every day?" The response was coded as zero (no/less than two times/day) or one (two or more times/day). "How long do you help your child brush his/her teeth every time?" The response was coded as zero (no/less than three minutes) or one (three or more minutes). "When was the last time that you took your child for a dental visit?" and "Why did you take your child for a dental visit?" The responses were coded as zero (last dental visit more than six months or dental visit for oral or tooth discomfort) or one (last dental visit six months or less and dental visit for regular checkup).

Maternal caries preventive behaviors toward children were collected by questionnaire.Ten statements were used to evaluate mothers' caries preventive knowledge, such as "Dental plaque is a major factor for oral disease" and "The Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI) provides children with fluoride varnish twice a year." Possible scores ranged from zero to ten, with higher scores indicating a higher level of caries preventive knowledge. The Kuder-Richardson reliability test was 0.72 for this scale.

Maternal caries preventive behaviors toward children were collected by questionnaire.Ten statements were used to evaluate mothers' caries preventive knowledge, such as "Dental plaque is a major factor for oral disease" and "The Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI) provides children with fluoride varnish twice a year." Possible scores ranged from zero to ten, with higher scores indicating a higher level of caries preventive knowledge. The Kuder-Richardson reliability test was 0.72 for this scale.

Maternal attitude toward oral hygiene were collect by questionnaire.Eleven statements measured mothers' attitude toward their children's oral hygiene, based on the research by Skeie et al. The responses were rated on a five-point Likert-scale ranging from one ("strongly disagree") to five ("strongly agree"), with the total possible score ranging from 11 to 55. Higher scores indicated more positive attitudes toward children's oral hygiene. Cronbach's α was 0.84 for this scale.

Maternal attitude toward oral hygiene were collect by questionnaire.Eleven statements measured mothers' attitude toward their children's oral hygiene, based on the research by Skeie et al. The responses were rated on a five-point Likert-scale ranging from one ("strongly disagree") to five ("strongly agree"), with the total possible score ranging from 11 to 55. Higher scores indicated more positive attitudes toward children's oral hygiene. Cronbach's α was 0.84 for this scale.

The following three statements were used to evaluate mothers' self-efficacy toward children's oral hygiene, based on the research by Hsu et al. "It is easy for me to help my children brush their teeth"; "I can help my children brush their teeth before bedtime" and "I can take my children to visit a dentist regularly." The scores ranged from one ("strongly disagree") to four ("strongly agree"), with the total possible score ranging from three to twelve. High scores meant that mothers were confident that they could appropriately manage their children's oral hygiene behaviors. Cronbach's α was 0.72 for this scale.

The following three statements were used to evaluate mothers' self-efficacy toward children's oral hygiene, based on the research by Hsu et al. "It is easy for me to help my children brush their teeth"; "I can help my children brush their teeth before bedtime" and "I can take my children to visit a dentist regularly." The scores ranged from one ("strongly disagree") to four ("strongly agree"), with the total possible score ranging from three to twelve. High scores meant that mothers were confident that they could appropriately manage their children's oral hygiene behaviors. Cronbach's α was 0.72 for this scale.