Live Parent-Child Video Interaction and Cartoon Watching for Emergence Agitation in Children

This is a prospective, single-center, three-arm randomized controlled trial evaluating two non-pharmacological video-based interventions for reducing preoperative anxiety and emergence agitation in children aged 2 to 6 years undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia.

A total of 150 participants will be allocated in a 1:1:1 ratio, with 50 children in each study group. Randomization will be performed using a computer-generated block randomization sequence with a block size of six. Group assignments will be kept in sealed envelopes and opened by the person responsible for administering the intervention on the day of surgery.

In the live video interaction group, children will communicate with their parent through a tablet during transfer to the operating room. The tablet-based interaction will end immediately before anesthesia induction, and no audio or video recording will be made. In the cartoon group, children will watch a short, age-appropriate cartoon without violent or frightening content during the same perioperative period. In the control group, children will receive standard clinical care without a video-based distraction intervention.

Routine pharmacological anxiolytic or sedative premedication will not be administered to study participants. Children who require pharmacological premedication or additional sedation outside the study protocol will not be included in the final study assessments.

Preoperative anxiety will be evaluated using the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale-Short Form at parent separation and at the beginning of anesthesia induction. Emergence agitation will be evaluated in the post-anesthesia care unit using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale. The primary outcome will be the highest Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium score observed during the post-anesthesia care unit stay. Emergence agitation will also be evaluated categorically using a Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium score of 10 or greater.

Secondary assessments will include children's preoperative anxiety scores at parent separation and anesthesia induction. Parental state anxiety will be recorded during the preoperative period using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Form. Study data will be collected using a standardized case report form.

Inclusion criteria

• Children aged 2 to 6 years.
• Scheduled to undergo an elective surgical procedure.
• Scheduled to undergo surgery under general anesthesia.
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II.
• Able to communicate in Turkish and understand verbal instructions.
• Written informed consent obtained from a parent or legal guardian.
• No pharmacological premedication planned during the preoperative period.
• No serious systemic disease and no use of sedative or psychotropic medication

Exclusion criteria

• History of neurodevelopmental delay, psychiatric illness, or a significant behavioral disorder.
• Significant visual or hearing impairment that limits communication.
• Use of sedative, hypnotic, or psychotropic medication within the previous 2 weeks.
• Requirement for pharmacological premedication or additional sedation during the intraoperative period.
• Serious systemic disease or ASA physical status III or higher.
• A protocol deviation during anesthesia or surgery, including complications or cancellation of surgery.
• Inability to obtain written informed consent from a parent or legal guardian.
• Inability to comply with the assigned intervention or inability to complete the video-based i