Lifestyle Intervention in Overweight Women

A scale (Seca, Hamburg, Germany) was used to assess body weight

A scale (Seca, Hamburg, Germany) was used to assess body weight

A scale (Seca, Hamburg, Germany) was used to assess body weight

A scale (Seca, Hamburg, Germany) was used to assess body weight

A scale (Seca, Hamburg, Germany) was used to determine body height

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (pencil beam mode, QDR-1500 Hologic, United States) was used to assess changes in total and regional fat and fat-free mass.

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (pencil beam mode, QDR-1500 Hologic, United States) was used to assess changes in total and regional fat and fat-free mass.

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (pencil beam mode, QDR-1500 Hologic, United States) was used to assess changes in total and regional fat and fat-free mass.

Using the same scan parameters, contiguous 7-mm-thick cross-sectional images of both legs were obtained between the inferior ischial tuberosity and the superior border of the patella. Total/subcutaneous thigh Adipose tissue was measured by axial computerized tomography (Somaton Plus; Siemens, Germany).

Using the same scan parameters, contiguous 7-mm-thick cross-sectional images of both legs were obtained between the inferior ischial tuberosity and the superior border of the patella. Total/subcutaneous thigh Adipose tissue was measured by axial computerized tomography (Somaton Plus; Siemens, Germany).

Using the same scan parameters, contiguous 7-mm-thick cross-sectional images of both legs were obtained between the inferior ischial tuberosity and the superior border of the patella. Muscle tissue was measured by axial computerized tomography (Somaton Plus; Siemens, Germany).

Using the same scan parameters, contiguous 7-mm-thick cross-sectional images of both legs were obtained between the inferior ischial tuberosity and the superior border of the patella. Muscle tissue was measured by axial computerized tomography (Somaton Plus; Siemens, Germany).

With the subjects supine and arms extended above their head, a single cross-sectional axial computerized tomography (Somaton Plus; Siemens, Germany) L4-L5 intervertebral space image was acquired to measure abdominal adipose tissue compartments

With the subjects supine and arms extended above their head, a single cross-sectional axial computerized tomography (Somaton Plus; Siemens, Germany) L4-L5 intervertebral space image was acquired to measure abdominal adipose tissue compartments

An enzymatic colorimetric method was used to determine triglycerides

An enzymatic colorimetric method was used to determine triglycerides

An enzymatic colorimetric method was used to determine uric acid

An enzymatic colorimetric method was used to determine uric acid

An enzymatic colorimetric method was used to determine total cholesterol

An enzymatic colorimetric method was used to determine total cholesterol

An enzymatic colorimetric method was were used to determine low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

An enzymatic colorimetric method was were used to determine low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

An enzymatic colorimetric method was used to determine high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

An enzymatic colorimetric method was used to determine high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

A graded exercise testing with gases analysis was used to assess cardio-respiratory changes

A graded exercise testing with gases analysis was used to assess cardio-respiratory changes

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess total-body water

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess total-body water

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess extracellular water

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess extracellular water

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess intracellular water

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess intracellular water

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess resistance

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess resistance

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess reactance

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess reactance

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess phase angle

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess phase angle

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess changes in Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Hydra 4200 Xitron, United States) was used to assess changes in Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis

The quality of life was reported through the SF-36 questionnaire. The SF-36 is a 36-item, generic quality-of-life measure that assesses 8 domains: (1) physical functioning; (2) role limitation due to physical-health problems; (3) bodily pain; (4) general health perceptions; (5) vitality; (6) social functioning; (7) role limitations due to emotional-health problems; and (8) mental health. Social function, vitality, and general health perceptions scales measure both physical and mental health status. All health measures were scored on scales of 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health.

The quality of life was reported through the SF-36 questionnaire. The SF-36 is a 36-item, generic quality-of-life measure that assesses 8 domains: (1) physical functioning; (2) role limitation due to physical-health problems; (3) bodily pain; (4) general health perceptions; (5) vitality; (6) social functioning; (7) role limitations due to emotional-health problems; and (8) mental health. Social function, vitality, and general health perceptions scales measure both physical and mental health status. All health measures were scored on scales of 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health.

The quality of life was reported through the SF-36 questionnaire. The SF-36 is a 36-item, generic quality-of-life measure that assesses 8 domains: (1) physical functioning; (2) role limitation due to physical-health problems; (3) bodily pain; (4) general health perceptions; (5) vitality; (6) social functioning; (7) role limitations due to emotional-health problems; and (8) mental health. Social function, vitality, and general health perceptions scales measure both physical and mental health status. All health measures were scored on scales of 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health.

A sphygmomanometer was used to determine changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure

A sphygmomanometer was used to determine changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure

A self-reported measure of physical activity was used, specifically the short-form of the International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). The IPAQ-SF records the last 7 day recall for four intensity levels of physical activity which is vigorous-intensity activity, moderate-intensity activity, walking, and sitting. From IPAQ data were converted to Metabolic Equivalent minutes per week (MET-min/week) using the published formulation the Compendium average MET score. Physical activity of low intensity was characterized by activities inducing less than 3 metabolic equivalents (MET), moderate intensity between 3 and 5.9 MET and for vigorous intensity higher than 6 MET. The higher the number of MET, the higher the intensity. The duration of the activities in each intensity were calculated based on the reported time per week. The higher the duration in activities of moderate to vigorous physical activity the highest the physical activity level

A self-reported measure of physical activity was used, specifically the short-form of the International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). The IPAQ-SF records the last 7 day recall for four intensity levels of physical activity which is vigorous-intensity activity, moderate-intensity activity, walking, and sitting. From IPAQ data were converted to Metabolic Equivalent minutes per week (MET-min/week) using the published formulation the Compendium average MET score. Physical activity of low intensity was characterized by activities inducing less than 3 metabolic equivalents (MET), moderate intensity between 3 and 5.9 MET and for vigorous intensity higher than 6 MET. The higher the number of MET, the higher the intensity. The duration of the activities in each intensity were calculated based on the reported time per week. The higher the duration in activities of moderate to vigorous physical activity the highest the physical activity level

A self-reported measure of physical activity was used, specifically the short-form of the International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). The IPAQ-SF records the last 7 day recall for four intensity levels of physical activity which is vigorous-intensity activity, moderate-intensity activity, walking, and sitting. From IPAQ data were converted to Metabolic Equivalent minutes per week (MET-min/week) using the published formulation the Compendium average MET score. Physical activity of low intensity was characterized by activities inducing less than 3 metabolic equivalents (MET), moderate intensity between 3 and 5.9 MET and for vigorous intensity higher than 6 MET. The higher the number of MET, the higher the intensity. The duration of the activities in each intensity were calculated based on the reported time per week. The higher the duration in activities of moderate to vigorous physical activity the highest the physical activity level

Energy intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their energy intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing for total energy intake. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Energy intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their energy intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing for total energy intake. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Energy intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their energy intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing for total energy intake. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Macro-nutrient intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their food intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Macro-nutrient intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their food intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Macro-nutrient intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their food intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Micronutrient intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their food intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Micronutrient intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their food intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Micronutrient intake was assessed during a 3-day period by a 24-hour diet record. Subjects were instructed regarding portion sizes, supplements, food preparation aspects, and other aspects pertaining to an accurate recording of their food intake. Records were turned in and reviewed at the time of laboratory testing. Dietary records were analyzed using a software package (Food Processor SQL, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA).

Indirect calorimetry for determining resting metabolic rate

Indirect calorimetry for determining resting metabolic rate

An anthropometric tape was used to measure body circumferences

An anthropometric tape was used to measure body circumferences

An anthropometric tape was used to measure body circumferences

A caliper was used to measure skinfolds

A caliper was used to measure skinfolds

A caliper was used to measure skinfolds

Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) was used to assess fasting insulin

Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) was used to assess fasting insulin

Fasting glycemia was assessed by hexokinase method

Fasting glycemia was assessed by hexokinase method

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was measured using a high-sensitivity enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) principle

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was measured using a high-sensitivity enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) principle

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was measured in iced citrated plasma using the Coatest PAI method (enzyme immunoassay-EIA)

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was measured in iced citrated plasma using the Coatest PAI method (enzyme immunoassay-EIA)

Fibrinogen concentrations were measured by clotting time

Fibrinogen concentrations were measured by clotting time

Hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Serum adiponectin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Serum adiponectin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Serum leptin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Serum leptin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Urine cortisol was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Urine cortisol was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Microalbuminuria plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

Microalbuminuria plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

C-reactive protein plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

C-reactive protein plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

Apolipoprotein A1 plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

Apolipoprotein A1 plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

Apolipoprotein B100 plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

Apolipoprotein B100 plasma concentration was measured by high-sensitivity particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay

Alanine aminotransferase was determined by a kinetic method

Alanine aminotransferase was determined by a kinetic method

Aspartate aminotransferase was determined by a kinetic method

Aspartate aminotransferase was determined by a kinetic method