Leveraging Project ECHO for Improved Cervical Cancer Screening in Ethiopia

Each year, more than 500,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer (CxCa), a preventable cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) that disproportionately burdens low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Women living with HIV (WLHIV) are up to six times more likely to develop CxCa, making them an especially important target population for prevention and control efforts. In Ethiopia, a national CxCa screening program was established in 2016 and screening guidelines for PLHIV have recently been updated to shift from visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) to HPV DNA testing. There is limited data on the provider or facility adherence to the "screen-triage-and treat" guidelines and algorithm for HPV testing; Up to 30% of WLHIV screen positive for HPV and the proportions that are appropriately triaged with VIA and treated if needed are currently unknown. Implementation challenges to CxCa screening, as reported by health providers, include high variability in practices between screening sites, and insufficient training and monitoring and evaluation. This research study seeks to explore and address these challenges through an implementation science study of point-of-care HPV self-sampling integrated with routine HIV care in antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics of hospitals, thereby leveraging established HIV care infrastructure for improved cancer control of PLHIV.

The overarching goal of Project TICHILALECH, this five-year implementation science study, is to enhance the screen-triage-treat cascade for HPV testing of PLHIV that is integrated with routine HIV care in Ethiopia. A mixed-method situational analysis including key stakeholder interviews, document review, and a landscape survey to assess facility readiness of HIV care centers to implement integrated, point-of-care CxCa screening and understand barriers and facilitators to HPV testing implementation in Ethiopia informs the development of the ECHO curriculum and program. Various cadres of health providers, the implementers of CxCa screening and HIV care at the five sites, and other actors such as laboratory personnel and administrators will participate in TICHILALECH ECHO. Key indicators for service delivery will be extracted and calculated from electronic medical records, paper-based screening logs, and paper-based charts to determine the proportion of screening eligible PLHIV that are screened, resulted, followed up with, linked to triage, and treated as appropriate. A pre/post study design will examine whether participating in ECHO and sharing experiences between sites results in increased triage and treatment rates, acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility. Two low-performing sites will receive additional technical support through facilitated health equity action labs.

NOTE: This ClinicalTrials.gov registration exclusively focuses on Aim 2 of this study, participation TICHILALECH ECHO and related data collection and analysis, including service delivery measures for end users.

Inclusion criteria

for Project ECHO and associated surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions:

• 18 years or older
• Willingness and ability to provide informed consent and participate in virtual, peer-mentoring through Project ECHO
• Profession: Healthcare provider, any education/training/cadre with experience relevant to the delivery of cervical cancer screening and treatment or HIV care (e.g., cervical cancer screening, gynecologist, gynecological oncologist, or HIV/ ART provider), or other stakeholder (e.g., personnel at laboratories or health bureaus, administrators, ART data clerks)
• Can communicate in English or Amharic (national language of Ethiopia)
• Able and willing to meaningfully contribute in the virtual, peer-learning community of Project ECHO

Inclusion criteria

for end service users (PLHIV) for focus group discussion and routine clinical service delivery data:

• 25 years or older (in accordance with Ethiopia's national cervical cancer screening guidelines for PLHIV)
• Have been diagnosed with HIV
• Have a history of cervical cancer screening that was performed at one of the five study sites, either during the course of our study or previously
• Were screened with primary HPV DNA testing during the course of the study intervention period
• Are eligible for cervical cancer screening in accordance with Ethiopia's national cervical cancer screening guidelines (e.g., have an intact cervix)

Exclusion criteria

for end service users (PLHIV) for focus group discussion:

• HIV negative status
• Age under 25 years
• Any physical or mental disability that prevents the individual from consenting to cervical cancer screening and/or study participation
• Patients without an intact cervix (e.g. a history of hysterectomy)
• Anyone ineligible for cervical cancer screening in accordance with Ethiopia's national cervical cancer screening guidelines

Note: Routine clinical service delivery data of PLHIV will be reviewed to determine intervention effect of providers participating in Project ECHO. PLHIV are not considered participants of the trial and are not consented.