Lasers as an Alternative to Formocresol and Sodium Hypochlorite Medicaments in Pulpotomy Techniques

All the selected treatment groups (Formocresol, Sodium Hypochlorite, Diode and Er:Cr;YSGG lasers) will follow the same clinical protocol, except for the techniques that will be used for hemostasis of the pulpotomies:

• Using 2 percent lidocaine with 1: 100,000 epinephrine as a local anesthetic.
• Isolation of the teeth with a rubber dam.
• Using a diamond round #440 bur in a high-speed hand piece with water cooling to eliminate caries and expose pulp chambers.
• Using a spoon excavator to remove the coronal pulp.
• Achieving the hemostasis by:

I. In first group (Group A): using a 1:5 dilution of Buckley's FC solution. A sterile cotton pellet will be moistened with a 1:5 concentration formocresol and it will be placed on the pulp stumps for 5 minutes for achieving hemostasis before being covered with MTA. If hemostasis will not be achieved after 5 minutes, it will presume that the pulp tissue in the canal was infected, and the tooth will be removed from the research.

II. In the second group (Group B): using 3% NaOCl. A sterile cotton pellet will be moistened with a 3% NaOCl and it will be placed on the pulp chamber for 5 minutes for achieving hemostasis before being covered with MTA.

III. In the third group (Group C): In this group hemostasis will be achieved by exposure to diode laser of 940 nm. The laser energy will be introduced into the canal orifice through a 300 µm optical fiber at 2 W, in a contact mode with continuous mode CW (According to the user manual) for 1 second at each orifice for three times to achieve complete hemostasis. During laser application patients, operator and assistant will use protective eye shields according to the safety measures of the device user manual.

IV. In the fourth group (Group D): Irradiation of the floor of the pulp chamber with Er,Cr:YSGG laser 2790 nm ) at a Power of 1.5 w, Frequency of 50 Hz, mode S (soft tissue mode) , 20%air and no water with a gold handpiece and Tip type MZ6, for 10 sec.(According to the manufacturer manual iPlus™ software copyright ©2016 BIOLASE, Inc.). In which a fixed char layer should be formed over the pulpal tissue of the canals orifices. During laser application patients, operator and assistant will use protective eye shields according to the safety measures of the device user manual.

• Then covering the surface with a 2 mm layer of MTA
• The final restoration will be completed in all the four groups, stainless steel crown will be placed as the final restorative material with a well-fitting marginal adaption and glass ionomer cement(GC company).

Inclusion criteria

• Deep carious lesions present in primary molars.
• No history of spontaneous or persistent pain.
• Lack of clinical evidence of pulpal degeneration, such as pain on percussion, history of swelling or sinus tracts.
• Restorable teeth following completion of the procedure.
• Absence of radiographic signs and symptoms of pulpal degeneration.
• Following pulpal amputation, hemostasis could be easily achievable.

Exclusion criteria

• Uncooperative children.
• Children with medically compromised disease.
• Presence of radiographical signs and symptoms of pulpal degeneration.
• Physiologic root resorption is more than one-third.