Lactic Acid Bacteria for Reducing Blue Light-Induced Eye Fatigue

The CVS-Q is a questionnaire used to assess digital eye strain associated with prolonged digital screen use. It includes 16 symptoms related to screen exposure. Total scores are classified as 0-5 (none/minimal), 6-12 (mild), 13-18 (moderate), and ≥19 (severe), with scores ≥6 indicating clinically significant digital eye strain.

The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) is a 12-item questionnaire used to assess the severity of dry eye symptoms and their impact on vision-related function and daily activities. Total scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity.

A comprehensive ophthalmic examination will be performed, including uncorrected distance and near visual acuity, automated refraction, presbyopia assessment, distance and near vision correction, intraocular pressure measurement, and external eye photography for conjunctival hyperemia assessment.

Pupillary response testing will be performed using the Oculus Pentacam HR or an equivalent device to evaluate pupil size and response time under light and dark conditions. This assessment provides information on the visual system's adaptation to changes in illumination.

Tear meniscus height will be measured using the OS1000 Corneal Topographer (SBM sistemi, Italy) or an equivalent device as an indicator of tear secretion.

Non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT) will be measured using the OS1000 Corneal Topographer (SBM sistemi, Italy) or an equivalent device to evaluate tear film stability. A shorter NIBUT is commonly associated with dry eye symptoms and digital eye strain.

Corneal tomography and topography analysis will be performed using the Oculus Pentacam HR or an equivalent device to evaluate corneal morphology, curvature, thickness, and regularity.

Accommodative function will be assessed using the ARK-1s Auto Ref-Keratometer (NIDEK, Japan) or an equivalent device to evaluate the eye's focusing ability and quantify accommodative responses associated with ciliary muscle contraction and relaxation.

The Worth Four Dot Test will be used to assess binocular vision and fusion ability by evaluating responses to red and green visual targets, including the presence of suppression or diplopia.