Keep It Off: A Weight Loss Maintenance Study

Obesity is a major public health problem in the United States. Increases in obesity prevalence over the last four decades have been dramatic in all age and social groups, heightening concern about health risks for children, adolescents, and adults. Currently, over half of US adults are overweight and upward trends in prevalence show no sign of slowing. A continuation of current trends seems quite likely to lead to substantial increases in the number of people affected by obesity-related health conditions and in premature mortality. The primary treatment for obesity continues to be behavioral weight loss therapy, an approach that uses behavioral strategies (e.g., self-monitoring, stimulus control, problem-solving) to help participants adhere to dietary and physical activity recommendations. Significant progress has been made with respect to short term weight loss research over the past twenty years, with short term weight losses approximately doubling during this time period. Unfortunately, long term weight losses remain disappointing. The typical pattern is for maximum weight loss to occur at 6 months, with weight regain following. During the year following treatment, participants typically regain 30% to 50% of their initial weight loss. Follow-up beyond 1 year indicates a pattern of continued weight gain.

Though long term weight loss maintenance remains a critical challenge for obesity treatment, important information regarding successful weight loss maintenance (e.g., high levels of physical activity, self-weighing, maintenance of a low-fat, low-calorie diet) has been derived from the National Weight Control Registry led by Drs Wing and Hill. Treatment studies have incorporated such strategies to enhance maintenance; however, the most intensive treatment phase typically occurs during weight loss initiation with the maintenance phase occurring after treatment novelty has faded. Although increasing treatment duration improves weight loss, there is a point of diminishing returns as people eventually stop attending intervention sessions. An alternative strategy to provide the critical support necessary for weight loss maintenance may be to recruit people who have recently lost weight to a maintenance-focused intervention

We will recruit up to 400 adult men and women who have recently lost at least 10% of their body weight and randomize them to either a Self-Directed Intervention or a Guided Intervention . Self- Directed participants will receive a core set of print materials describing key behaviors and skills necessary for successful weight loss maintenance and will review these materials with an intervention coach during two phone sessions. Guided participants will take part in a set of ten core phone sessions addressing key factors relevant to weight maintenance (e.g., high levels of physical activity). After completing these sessions, Guided participants will receive 8 monthly check in calls and then bimonthly calls for the rest of the study. Guided participants are also asked to report their weight weekly, either via the Keep It Off website, email or voicemail. Those who experience weight gain will receive outreach calls to assist them in reversing their recent weight gain. They will also receive bi-monthly tailored feedback reports based on whether they are maintaining, losing or gaining weight. We hypothesize that those in the Guided arm of the study will regain less weight than those in the self-directed arm.

Inclusion criteria

• Between the ages of 19 and 70
• HealthPartners members for 11 out of the past 12 months
• Have lost at least 10% of body weight in the last 12 months

Exclusion criteria

• Lost weight via gastric by-pass surgery
• Modified Charlson scores >=3
• Nonskin cancer
• Congestive heart failure
• Coronary heart disease
• Psychotic illness
• Substance abuse
• Terminal illness
• Diagnosed eating disorder
• BMI<20.5 or >45