KD Treatment for Super-refractory Status Epilepticus

This is a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled, open-label clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ketogenic diet (KD) as an adjunctive therapy in patients with Super Refractory Status Epilepticus (SRSE).

The study plans to enroll eligible SRSE patients. Participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to one of two groups:

• Control Group: Receives standard medical therapy according to current guideline recommendations for SRSE management.
• Intervention Group: Receives standard medical therapy plus a ketogenic diet intervention.

The KD intervention will be administered via a nasogastric tube using a ketogenic formula. The nutritional goal is 25-30 kcal/kg, initiated at half-strength and advanced to the full caloric target within 72 hours. If no clinical improvement is observed within 2 weeks of initiating the KD, it will be discontinued. For responders, continuation is recommended. All patients in the KD group will receive concomitant daily nutritional supplements.

The primary outcome measure is the efficacy of controlling SRSE within 2 weeks after randomization. Efficacy is defined as the cessation of both clinical and electrographic status epilepticus, as confirmed by continuous EEG monitoring.

Key secondary outcomes include:

• Safety evaluation, including all KD-related adverse events and in-hospital mortality.
• Feasibility of KD (time to achieve ketosis, defined as blood beta-hydroxybutyrate level ≥1.2 mmol/L or urine ketones 1+).
• Neurological and functional outcomes assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E), and quality of life (QOLIE-31) at discharge, 3 months, and 6 months.
• Cognitive function (MMSE, MoCA) at 3 and 6 months. Statistical analysis will be performed on both the Full Analysis Set (FAS) and the Per-Protocol Set (PPS).

Inclusion criteria

• Patients diagnosed with super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE), in whom status epilepticus (SE) persists or recurs after the initial treatment for SE-including intravenous benzodiazepines, an anti-seizure medication (ASM, such as valproate, levetiracetam, or phenobarbital), and an anesthetic (e.g., propofol) administered continuously for 24 hours-fails to terminate the episode, or when SE recurs upon reduction of the anesthetic.
• Age between 14 and 80 years, regardless of gender.
• The patient's legal guardian has provided signed informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

• Patients with lipid metabolism disorders, including defects in fatty acid transport and beta-oxidation, such as carnitine deficiency (primary) and carnitine-related enzyme deficiencies (including carnitine palmitoyltransferase [CPT] I and II deficiency, carnitine translocase deficiency), fatty acid oxidation disorders (including beta-oxidation defects), short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD), medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD), long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCAD), long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, medium-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, and porphyria.
• Intolerance to enteral feeding (e.g., intestinal obstruction).
• Receipt of propofol infusion within 24 hours.
• Hemodynamic instability (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure <60 mmHg, requiring high-dose vasopressors for maintenance).
• Liver failure (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], blood ammonia >5 times the upper limit of normal; total bilirubin >10 mg/dL [171 μmol/L]).
• Pancreatitis.
• Pregnancy.
• Metabolic instability (blood glucose <3.1 mmol/L, arterial blood pH <7.2, serum sodium <120 or >160 mmol/L).
• Septic shock.
• Complicated by diabetes insipidus.
• Status epilepticus caused by hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.