Kansas University DHA Outcome Study (KUDOS) Follow-Up

The Full Scale IQ score from the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition is a standardized measure of a child's general intellectual ability based upon assessments of verbal, cognitive, and performance domains. At three years the Full Scale IQ score has a range of 41 (poorest performance) to 155 (best performance). For the older ages the score can range from 40 to 160. For all ages the assessment is normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.

The Full Scale IQ score from the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition is a standardized measure of a child's general intellectual ability based upon assessments of verbal, cognitive, and performance domains. At three years the Full Scale IQ score has a range of 41 (poorest performance) to 155 (best performance). For the older ages the score can range from 40 to 160. For all ages the assessment is normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.

The Full Scale IQ score from the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition is a standardized measure of a child's general intellectual ability based upon assessments of verbal, cognitive, and performance domains. At three years the Full Scale IQ score has a range of 41 (poorest performance) to 155 (best performance). For the older ages the score can range from 40 to 160. For all ages the assessment is normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.

The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 3rd Edition provides a standardized assessment of a person's receptive vocabulary. The Standard Score can range from 40 (poorest performance) to 160 (best performance) and has been normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.

The Test of Preschool Early Literacy provides a standardized Early Literacy Index score, a measure of general, early literacy skills that relate to later reading and writing skill acquisition. The score is based on assessments of vocabulary, print knowledge, and phonological awareness. The score can range from 40 (poorest performance) to 144 (best performance) and has been normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.

The Verbal IQ score from the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition is a standardized measure of a child's verbal ability based upon assessments of vocabulary, general knowledge, and reasoning. At three years the Verbal IQ score has a range of 49 (poorest performance) to 150 (best performance). For the older ages the score can range from 46 to 155. For all ages the assessment is normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.

The Verbal IQ score from the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition is a standardized measure of a child's verbal ability based upon assessments of vocabulary, general knowledge, and reasoning. At three years the Verbal IQ score has a range of 49 (poorest performance) to 150 (best performance). For the older ages the score can range from 46 to 155. For all ages the assessment is normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.

The Verbal IQ score from the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd Edition is a standardized measure of a child's verbal ability based upon assessments of vocabulary, general knowledge, and reasoning. At three years the Verbal IQ score has a range of 49 (poorest performance) to 150 (best performance). For the older ages the score can range from 46 to 155. For all ages the assessment is normed to a Mean = 100, St Dev = 15.

The Parent Rating Scales of the Behavior Assessment System for Children 2nd Edition measures different aspects of a child's behaviors as reported by a parent. Externalizing Problems is a measure of Aggression and Hyperactivity. Internalizing Problems is a measure of Anxiety, Depression, and Somatization. The Behavioral Symptoms Index is a more global measure of behavior problems and combines Externalizing Problems with the measure of Depression from Internalizing Problems, and additional measures of Atypicality, Withdrawal, and Attention Problems. Adaptive Skills is a measure of Adaptability, Social Skills, Activities of Daily Living, Functional Communication, and at age 6 years Leadership. All scores are derived from the general, combined sex normative tables of T-Scores. For Adaptive Skills higher T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. For all other measures lower T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. All T-Scores were standardized with a Mean = 50, St Dev = 10.

The Parent Rating Scales of the Behavior Assessment System for Children 2nd Edition measures different aspects of a child's behaviors as reported by a parent. Externalizing Problems is a measure of Aggression and Hyperactivity. Internalizing Problems is a measure of Anxiety, Depression, and Somatization. The Behavioral Symptoms Index is a more global measure of behavior problems and combines Externalizing Problems with the measure of Depression from Internalizing Problems, and additional measures of Atypicality, Withdrawal, and Attention Problems. Adaptive Skills is a measure of Adaptability, Social Skills, Activities of Daily Living, Functional Communication, and at age 6 years Leadership. All scores are derived from the general, combined sex normative tables of T-Scores. For Adaptive Skills higher T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. For all other measures lower T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. All T-Scores were standardized with a Mean = 50, St Dev = 10.

The Parent Rating Scales of the Behavior Assessment System for Children 2nd Edition measures different aspects of a child's behaviors as reported by a parent. Externalizing Problems is a measure of Aggression and Hyperactivity. Internalizing Problems is a measure of Anxiety, Depression, and Somatization. The Behavioral Symptoms Index is a more global measure of behavior problems and combines Externalizing Problems with the measure of Depression from Internalizing Problems, and additional measures of Atypicality, Withdrawal, and Attention Problems. Adaptive Skills is a measure of Adaptability, Social Skills, Activities of Daily Living, Functional Communication, and at age 6 years Leadership. All scores are derived from the general, combined sex normative tables of T-Scores. For Adaptive Skills higher T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. For all other measures lower T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. All T-Scores were standardized with a Mean = 50, St Dev = 10.

The Parent Rating Scales of the Behavior Assessment System for Children 2nd Edition measures different aspects of a child's behaviors as reported by a parent. Externalizing Problems is a measure of Aggression and Hyperactivity. Internalizing Problems is a measure of Anxiety, Depression, and Somatization. The Behavioral Symptoms Index is a more global measure of behavior problems and combines Externalizing Problems with the measure of Depression from Internalizing Problems, and additional measures of Atypicality, Withdrawal, and Attention Problems. Adaptive Skills is a measure of Adaptability, Social Skills, Activities of Daily Living, Functional Communication, and at age 6 years Leadership. All scores are derived from the general, combined sex normative tables of T-Scores. For Adaptive Skills higher T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. For all other measures lower T-Scores reflect a more optimal outcome. All T-Scores were standardized with a Mean = 50, St Dev = 10.

Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).

Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).

Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).

Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.

Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).

Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).

Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).

Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).

Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).

Biannually child weight was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on an electronic scale (Cardinal Detecto 8430, Webb City, MS, USA).

Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.

Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.

Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.

Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.

Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.

Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.

Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.

Biannually child stature was measured one time standing without shoes and in the lightest layer of clothing to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted statiometer (Health O Meter® Professional, McCook IL, USA). Braids, ponytails or other hair artifacts were removed or subtracted when needed.

Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.

Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.

Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.

Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.

Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.

Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.

Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.

Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.

Biannually child body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation: BMI = kg/m^2.

Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.

Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.

Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.

Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.

Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.

Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.

Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.

Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.

Biannually child head circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using standard technique (tape positioned just above the eyebrows, above the ears and around the biggest part of the back of the head; tape pulled snuggly to compress hair and underlying soft tissue). Braids, ponytails, glasses or other artifacts were removed whenever possible.

Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.

Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.

Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.

Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.

Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.

Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.

Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.

Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.

Biannually a registered dietitian assessed child diet by a standardized 24 hour dietary recall with three-pass approach. When necessary both the parent and child participated in the recall process to increase overall reliability. Recalls were entered into Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R versions 2006-2016, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and were checked for accuracy by a second dietitian. Reliability and caloric intake data are presented here. Reliability is defined as the dietitian's subjective assessment of the family's ability to recall the majority of food items consumed during the 24 hour period and within reasonable serving sizes. Caloric intake is the mean kcal per day from reliable recalls only.

Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.

Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.

Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.

Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.

Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.

Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.

Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.

Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.

Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.

Biannually child blood pressure was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.

Biannually child heart rate was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.

Biannually child heart rate was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.

Biannually child heart rate was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.

Biannually child heart rate was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.

Biannually child heart rate was measured in triplicate using an automatic pressure cuff (GE Carescape V100, Chicago, IL, USA) while children were seated in a resting state. Raw averages are reported here, including outliers. Not all subjects participated in triplicate measures.