iVision - Development of a Game-based Therapy for Children With Cerebral Visual Impairment

L94 is an object recognition battery for children aged 3-6 years. The test is composed of 5 computer tasks, [visual matching (VISM), overlapping line drawings (OVERL), line drawings occluded by noise (NOISE), De Vos task (DE VOS), unconventional object views (VIEW). (Ortibus et al., 2009)

TVPS-3 is a standardized and norm-referenced task for children age 4-13 years that uses a response format suitable for all children, including those with disabilities. It includes subtasks of visual discrimination, visual memory, visual-spatial relationships, form constancy, visual sequential memory, figure ground, and visual closure (Martin et al., 2006).

Beery a standardized and norm-referenced screening tool for visual-motor deficits. It includes updated norms for ages 2 through 18. The VMI helps assess to what extent children can integrate their visual and motor abilities. In addition to a copying task, the child also performs a visual perception matching task of the same constructs seen before in the copy task, and a motor coordination task, developed to assess the supplementary motor deficits. (Beery et al., 2010).

NEPSY-II-NL is a customizable cognitive assessment tool for children aged 5 to 16 years. It assesses six domains with one integrated instrument, composed of different normed subtests. Among those, visual attention and visuospatial functions, are routinely performed in the diagnostic work up of children with (a suspicion of) CVI. (Korkman, 1998).

RAKIT is a paediatric intelligence test, with reference values from a Dutch population of children 4-12.5 years of age. From this test, the subtest "Vertelplaat" is used to evaluate the ability to tell a logic story from a crowded scene, thereby evaluating object recognition, figure ground perception and scene perception (Bleichroth et al., 1987).

The RES-C measures enjoyment by relating it subjectively to a series of other activities which are part of the 'experience horizon' of a child using visual analogue scales (Van Looy et al., 2016)

The PJLO is an extension of the Benton judgment of line orientation task and is administered to children between the age of 3.25 and 6 years. This test includes 24 items where the orientation of one or two target lines needs to be matched to 2, 4, or 11 choices (Stiers et al., 2005).

Motion perception tasks measure motion-defined form, global motion coherence, motion speed, and biological motion, and can be administered to children between the age of 4 and 6 years. In motion-defined form, an object is concealed in a random dot kinematogram and the child is required to identify the image seen. In global motion coherence, the child indicates in which half of the display, left or right, a coherently moving strip forming a horizontal bar is located. In motion speed, two contours of a car are shown next to each other with moving dots inside, and the child indicates in which car the dots are moving at the highest speed. In biological motion, two dot matrices are shown, one is a human-point light walker (walking man) and the other one is a phasescrambled point-light figure, and the child should indicate the walking man (Van der Zee et al., 2019).

The FCVIQ is a 46-item screening tool for CVI filled out by caregivers using a binary response format (yes or no). This tool screens for visual perceptual difficulties in daily life (Ortibus et al., 2011).

The SON-R 6-40 consists of four subtests containing two or three parallel series of twelve to thirteen items with increasing difficulty. The testing procedure of this test is adaptive, whereby the starting point of a series is decided on basis of the score on the previous series of the subtest.

Third Edition (WPPSI-III) is designed to test intelligence (cognitive ability) in children ages 2 years 6 months to 7 years 3 months. The test consists of 14 subtests from which five subtests measure the non-verbal intelligence.