iTBS for Increased Appetite Induced by Antipsychotics

The study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of iTBS on ameliorating increased appetite induced by antipsychotics in people with schizophrenia by measuring changes in clinical ratings at baseline, after all the treatments, and 2 weeks, 4 weeks after intervention. 60 schizophrenia patients will be randomized to receive active or sham interventions administered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The experimental group will be applied to active iTBS rTMS involving 600 pulses (3 minutes), 5x daily at 60 minutes intervals for 5 days. Changes in appetite from baseline to the end of the study will be measured by Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait (FCQ-T), Food Cravings Questionnaire-State (FCQ-S) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Clinical symptoms and mood status will be assessed by Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI). Improvement of cognition could be measured by Delay Discounting Task (DDT), Stop-signal task (SST) and MATRICS (Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Changes of appetite related Indicators of glycolipid metabolism and neuroregulatory factor, along with microflora before and after intervention will be recorded by collecting blood and feces specimens. The adverse effect will be evaluated by Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) and Adverse Event Record Form (AERF). Task-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and arterial spin labeling (ASL) will be used to measure changes of brain activity associated with food stimuli and cerebral blood flow(CBF) before and after treatment.

Inclusion criteria

• Age between 18-40 years old;
• Meeting the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition);
• BMI ≥ 25kg/m 2 or over 10% weight gain after taking antipsychotics in the last year;
• Not receiving TMS therapy in the past month;
• Using no more than two antipsychotic medications (including olanzapine, haloperidol, amisulpride, asenapine, risperidone, paliperidone, clozapine, quetiapine, iloperidone, chlorpromazine, sertindole, zotepine), not using antidepressants, mood stabilizers and other drugs, but allowing short-term use of benzodiazepines, benzhexol and propranolol;
• Signing written informed consents voluntarily.

Exclusion criteria

• Other severe mental illnesses, mental retardation, dementia and severe cognitive impairment according to diagnostic criteria of ICD-10 or DSM-5;
• Abnormal brain structure or function owing to any major physical disease, neurological disease, traumatic brain injury, etc.;
• Metallic implants, pacemakers, epilepsy history or other contraindications of TMS;
• Suicidal thoughts or behaviors;
• Alcohol or substance abuse;
• Pregnant or lactating women;
• Other contraindications of MRI;
• Receiving regular MECT, or weight-loss therapy in the latest month;
• Other abnormal examination results considered to be inappropriate for inclusion by researchers.