Isolated and Associated Effects of Physical Exercise and Estrogen Therapy on Climactercs Women

More than an isolated event, menopause is an universal process that produces many physiologic changes, affecting not only the reproductive tissues but other systems of women's body. Post-menopause period is usually accompanied by an increase in climacteric symptoms, which decrease healthy related quality of life. Moreover, many unhealthy changes occur at this period of women's life, increasing the risk for metabolic syndrome development, which might be due, at least in part, to an increase in insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia.

Hormone therapy is indicated as the main treatment to reduce or relief the negative effects of menopause. Although many studies have confirmed the possible positive effects of this approach on postmenopausal symptoms, its effects on insulin resistance and other metabolic syndrome factors remain controversial.

On the other hand, it's well known that acute and chronic exercises can provide a wide range of benefits for postmenopausal women's health, including decrease of insulin resistance and symptoms relief.

In clinical practice, many postmenopausal women are using hormone therapy and are instructed to exercise. However, the effects of this association are poorly studied.

Thus, the main goal of this randomized placebo-controlled trial was to evaluate, in healthy, middle age, and hysterectomized postmenopausal women, the single and combined effects of physical exercise and oral estrogen use on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), muscle blood flow, and autonomic function measured at baseline conditions and under hyperinsulinemia stimulus. Moreover, it also investigated the effects of these interventions on symptoms relief and quality of life.

Inclusion criteria

• Hysterectomy women, with or without ovaries, confirmed by transvaginal ultrasound.
• Climacteric women, postmenopausal for at least 1 year, with vasomotor symptoms (Kupperman, 1959) and/or laboratory diagnosis of menopause (high luteinizing hormone [LH] and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] and estradiol decreased).

Exclusion criteria

• Hypertension or other cardiovascular disease (thromboembolism, heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, vascular disorders, coronary insufficiency or venous)
• Osteoporosis.
• Diagnose or suspected breast cancer or ovaries.
• Current illness or a history of severe liver failure, jaundice or severe pruritus pregnancy and liver tumor.
• Endocrine and metabolic diseases as diabetes, thyroid disorders, obesity and dyslipidemia.
• Chronic diseases such as kidney diseases and collagen diseases.
• Women with cervical or vaginal malignancies.
• Hypersensitivity to estradiol valerate.
• Previous use of estrogen-containing implants in the last two years, use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) orally or transdermally in the last three months or HRT use by injection in the last six months before the study start.
• Limited mobility or other physical problems that contraindicate the physical exercises.
• Women who are engaged in regular physical activity.