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NCT Number: NCT06920888

Is Less More? Dosing and Sequencing Effect

The investigators want to evaluate core components from cognitive behavioral psychotherapies (CBTs) with the aim of investigating dosing and combinatory effects on conditions of anxiety and depression.

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Key information

Age range

18 year and older

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

About this study

In the present study, participants will be randomly assigned to one of four groups, receiving one or both treatment components under investigation, all over the course of six sessions of treatment.

  • It is hypothesized that both component A (Cognitive Restructuring) and component B (External Attention Allocation) will be efficient in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety when delivered separately, both when delivered over 3 and 6 sessions. The difference between components as well as between the number of sessions on primary and secondary outcomes will be explored.
  • The combinatory effects, comparing the effect of receiving Component A subsequent to Component B and vice versa will be explored.
  • The process of change in both components will be explored.
  • Group differences in participants' experience of being the recipient of the components (either individually or combination) both qualitatively (free descriptions of their experience with using them) and quantitatively (questionnaires concerning the understanding and employment) will be explored.
  • The moderating effect of baseline characteristics including baseline symptomatology, diagnoses, personality functioning, and working alliance will be explored.
  • Potential harmful effects will be explored in each group.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: No

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

(i) age ≥ 18 years, (ii) Clinically relevant symptoms of an anxiety disorder (with the exception of specific phobia) and/or depressive disorder according to GAD-7≥10, SIAS ≥37, PHQ-9 ≥10, or PDSS ≥9, (iii) Danish language proficiency, (iv) ability and willingness to give informed consent, (v) no or stable antidepressant/antianxiety medication (i.e., same dosage for ≥ 6 weeks), (vi) access to either a smartphone, tablet, or computer with video camera.

Exclusion criteria

(i) severe depression deemed to require more intense psychotherapy or medication (PHQ-9-score of 20 or more combined with a clinical evaluation), (ii) currently receiving other psychotherapy or counseling, (iii) a history of bipolar disorder, (iv) current or past psychotic episode, (v) substance abuse or dependence judged to require treatment, (vi) suicide risk requiring immediate hospitalization.

Treatment and study plan

cognitive restructuring

Behavioral

CR drawn from classic CBT

Attention allocation

Behavioral

AA drawn from contemporary CBTs

Primary outcomes

  1. Depressive symptoms

    Time frame: Change from pre (just prior to session 1) to post treatment (after session 6), app. 7 weeks in total.

    Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (Kroenke et al., 2001; Spitzer et al., 1999; Spitzer et al., 2000; PHQ-9). 9 items are rated on a scale from 0 to 3, with a potential total range from 0 to 27. Larger scores mean more depressive symptoms (i.e., a negative outcome).

  2. Anxiety symptoms

    Time frame: Change from pre (just prior to session 1) to post treatment (after session 6), app. 7 weeks in total.

    Beck's Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al., 1988; Beck & Steer, 1991; BAI). 21 items are rated on a scale from 0 to 3 with a total score thus ranging from 0 to 63. A higher score is indicative of more anxiety symptoms (i.e., a negative outcome).

Secondary outcomes

  1. Depressive symptoms

    Time frame: Change from pre treatment (just prior to session 1) through follow-up (6 months after treatment has ended), app. 33 weeks in total.

    PHQ-9

  2. Anxiety symptoms

    Time frame: Change from pre treatment (just prior to session 1) through follow-up (6 months after treatment has ended), app. 33 weeks in total.

    BAI

  3. Symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder

    Time frame: Changes from pre (just prior to session 1) to post treatment (just after session 6) and through follow-up (6 months after treatment has ended) only for those individuals that scores above cut-off during the screening process, app. 33 weeks in total.

    General Anxiety Disorder-7 (Spitzer et al., 2006; GAD-7). 7 items are rated on scale from 0 to 7 with total scores ranging from 0 to 21. Higher scores are indicative of more symptoms of GAD (i.e., a negative outcome).

  4. Symptoms of panic disorder

    Time frame: Changes from pre (just prior to session 1) to post treatment (just after session 6) and through follow-up (6 months after treatment has ended) only for those individuals that scores above cut-off during the screening process, app. 33 weeks in total.

    The Panic Disorder Severity Scale - Self-Report Version (Houck et al., 2002; PDSS-SR). 7 items are rated on a scale form 0 to 4, with total scores ranging from 0 to 28. Higher scores are indicative of more symptoms of panic disorder (i.e., a negative outcome).

  5. Symptoms of social anxiety disorder

    Time frame: Changes from pre (just prior to session 1) to post treatment (just after session 6) and through follow-up (6 months after treatment has ended) only for those individuals that scores above cut-off during the screening process, app. 33 weeks in total.

    The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (Mattick & Clarke, 1998, SIAS). 20 items are rated on a scale from 0 to 4 with total scores ranging form 0 to 80. Higher scores are indicative of more symptoms of social anxiety disorder (i.e., a negative outcome).

  6. Worry

    Time frame: Changes from pre (just prior to session 1) to post treatment (just after session 6) and through follow-up (6 months after treatment ended), app. 33 weeks in total.

    The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (Meyer et al., 1990; PSWQ). 16 items are rated on a 5-point scale, with total scores ranging from 16 to 75. Higher scores indicate more worry (i.e., a negative outcome).

  7. Decentering

    Time frame: Changes from pre (just prior to session 1) to post treatment (just after session 6) and through follow-up (6 months after treatment ended), app. 33 weeks in total.

    The Experiences Questionnaire (Fresco et al., 2007; EQ), decentering subscale. 11 items are rated on a scale from 1 to 5, with total scores ranging from 11 to 55. Higher scores mean better ability to decenter (i.e., a positive outcome).

  8. Cognitive change

    Time frame: Changes from pre (just prior to session 1) to post treatment (just after session 6) and through follow-up (6 months after treatment ended), app. 33 weeks in total.

    The Cognitive Change - sustained scale (Schmidt et al., 2019; CC). 9 items rated on a scale from 0 to 6 with total scores ranging from 0 to 63. Higher scores mean better ability to employ cognitive change (i.e., a positive outcome).

  9. Cognitive reappraisal

    Time frame: Changes from pre (just prior to session 1) to post treatment (just after session 6) and through follow-up (6 months after treatment ended), app. 33 weeks in total.

    ERQ-reappraisal = Emotion Regulation Questionnaire - reappraisal subscale (Gross & John, 2003; ERQ-r). 6 items are rated on a scale from 1 to 7 with total scores ranging from 6 to 42. Higher scores mean better ability to employ cognitive reappraisal (i.e., a positive outcome).

  10. Mindfulness

    Time frame: Changes from pre (just prior to session 1) to post treatment (just after session 6) and through follow-up (6 months after treatment ended), app. 33 weeks in total.

    Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-15 (Baer et al., 2006; FFMQ-15). 15 items are rated on a scale from 1 to 5 with total scores ranging from 15 to 75. Higher scores mean higher levels of mindfulness (i.e., a positive outcome).

  11. Attention control

    Time frame: Changes from pre (just prior to session 1) to post treatment (just after session 6) and through follow-up (6 months after treatment ended), app. 33 weeks in total.

    The Attention Control Scale (Derryberry & Reed, 2002; ATQ-short form. 10 items are rated on a scale from 1 to 4 with total scores ranging from 10 to 40. Higher scores are indicative of better attention control (i.e., a positive outcome).

  12. Valued Living

    Time frame: Changes from pre (just prior to session 1) to post treatment (just after session 6) and through follow-up (6 months after treatment ended), app. 33 weeks in total.

    Valuing Questionnaire (Smout et al., 2014; VQ). 10 items are rated on a scale from 0 to 6 with total scores ranging from 0 to 60. Higher scores a indicative of actions/life being guided by personally held values (i.e., a positive outcome).

  13. Quality of life (well-being)

    Time frame: Changes from pre (just prior to session 1) to post treatment (just after session 6) and through follow-up (6 months after treatment ended), app. 33 weeks in total.

    the World Health Organization-5 questionnaire (Bech, 1999; Topp et al., 2015; WHO-5). 5 items are rated on a scale from 0 to 5 with total scores ranging from 0 to 25. Higher scores are indicative of higher levels of life quality (i.e., a positive outcome).

  14. Personality functioning

    Time frame: Changes from pre (just prior to session 1) to post treatment (just after session 6) and through follow-up (6 months after treatment ended), app. 33 weeks in total.

    Level of Personality Function Scale-Brief Form 2.0 (Weekers et al., 2019; LPFS-BF). 12 items are rated from 1 to 4 with total scores ranging from 12 to 48. Higher scores are indicative of better personality functioning (i.e., a positive outcome).

  15. Harm/negative effects

    Time frame: Measured only one time, that is, post treatment (just after the 6 sessions).

    The Negative Effects Questionnaire (Rozental et al., 2019; NEQ). 32 questions are answered yes/no. If yes, items are rated on a scale from 1 to 5 and participants are asked if the negative effect experience can be attrubuted to the treatment or other crcumstances. Total scores range from 32 to 160 with higher scores indicating more negative effects (i.e., a negative outcome).

  16. Information overload

    Time frame: Measured only one time, that is, post treatment (just after the 6 sessions).

    Information Overload scale (adapted from Jensen et al., 2014; IO). 8 items are rated from 1 to 4 with total scores ranging from 8 to 32. Higher scores are indicative of more information overload (i.e., a negative outcome).

Other outcomes

  1. Depressive symptoms

    Time frame: Session-by-session changes from pre-treatment (just prior to session 1) to post-treatment (just after 6 sessions), app. 7 weeks in total.

    PHQ-9, rated as noted above.

  2. Anxiety symptoms

    Time frame: Session-by-session changes from pre-treatment (just prior to session 1) to post-treatment (just after 6 sessions), app. 7 weeks in total.

    BAI, rated as noted above.

  3. Decentering

    Time frame: Session-by-session changes from pre-treatment (just prior to session 1) to post-treatment (just after 6 sessions), app. 7 weeks in total.

    EQ, rated as noted above.

  4. Cognitive change

    Time frame: Session-by-session changes from pre-treatment (just prior to session 1) to post-treatment (just after 6 sessions), app. 7 weeks in total.

    CC (5 items), rated as noted above but only five items are evaluated on a session-by-session basis.

  5. Cognitive reappraisal

    Time frame: Session-by-session changes from pre-treatment (just prior to session 1) to post-treatment (just after 6 sessions), app. 7 weeks in total.

    ERQ-r, rated as noted above.

  6. Mindfulness

    Time frame: Session-by-session changes from pre-treatment (just prior to session 1) to post-treatment (just after 6 sessions), app. 7 weeks in total.

    FFMQ-15, rated as noted above.

  7. Attention control

    Time frame: Session-by-session changes from pre-treatment (just prior to session 1) to post-treatment (just after 6 sessions), app. 7 weeks in total.

    ATQ-short, rated as noted above.

  8. Strategy use

    Time frame: Session 3 [app. week 3 of the intervention] and session 6 [app. week 6 of the intervention] (the measure is only obtained at those two time points).

    Description [free text] of a situation in the past week where participants used or could have used the treatment component (CR or AA). Individuals in the combined arms (receiving both components) will also describe [free text] how they see themselves using the two strategies.

  9. Experience of therapy

    Time frame: Session-by-session changes from pre-treatment (just prior to session 1) to post-treatment (just after 6 sessions), app. 7 weeks in total.

    The participant will report on 1) the extent to which the individual understands the treatment component, 2) how competent they feel about being able to apply the treatment component in everyday life, 3) how useful they consider the treatment component to be, 4) how much they want to use the component, and 5) how often they actually used the treatment component in everyday life.

    They will do so retro and prospectively and for both components when relevant.

  10. Working alliance

    Time frame: Measure obtained two times; at session 2 [app. week 2 of the intervention] and session 4 [app. week 4 of the intervention].

    Working Alliance Inventory - Short Revised (Munder et al., 2010; WAI-SR). 12 items rated on a scale from 1 to 5 with total scores ranging from 12 to 60. Higher scores indicate better working alliance (i.e., a positive outcome).

Study contacts

Contact information is provided by the study sponsor or research team.

Emma Elkjær, PhD, MSc

CONTACT

[email protected]

Mia S O'Toole, PhD, MSc

CONTACT

[email protected]

+4587165289

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

University of Aarhus

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Is Less More? Dosing and Sequencing Effects of Cognitive Therapies for Anxiety and Depression

Important dates

Study start
2025
Primary completion
2027
Study completion
2027
First posted
Apr 10, 2025
Registry last updated
Apr 10, 2025

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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