Investigation of the Effects of Vibration Therapy on Pain, Functionality, and Proprioception After ACL Injury

The study will be conducted at Medipol University Hospital.The study will include 30 individuals aged 20-40 who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament surgery and subsequently presented to the physical therapy outpatient clinic. All participants will be informed about the study and asked to sign a voluntary consent form. Assessments will be applied to all participants. Inclusion Criteria: Having a hamstring tendon autograft, allograft, or undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Complete unilateral ACL rupture Applying to the physical therapy clinic within the first two weeks after surgical reconstruction Being in the age range of 20-40 Agreeing to participate in the study Having signed the informed consent form Exclusion Criteria: Presence of other intra-articular and extra-articular ligament/cartilage pathology in addition to the ACL rupture History of secondary reconstruction surgery Diagnosis of specific mechanical (alignment) disorder of the lower extremity Presence of central and peripheral nervous system diseases Diseases affecting the musculoskeletal, neurological, and vestibular systems Presence of chronic and systemic diseases that may cause peripheral neuropathy and loss of deep sensation (e.g., diabetes, chronic kidney failure) Presence of cognitive, mental, and psychological problems Presence of balance problems or use of medication that negatively affects balance History of accompanying autoimmune or inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus." Participants will consist of individuals referred by Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation physicians at Medipol University Esenler Hospital to a physiotherapist to receive physical therapy after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. The demographic information of the participants (name, age, gender, marital status, education level, profession, dominant side, affected side, duration of pain, history of surgical operation) will first be inquired. Then, pain, joint range of motion, joint position sense, muscle diameter measurement, and balance parameters will be evaluated.

The evaluation methods will be applied to the participants before and after the treatment.

In patients who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament surgery;

• Proprioception > Joint Position Sense (Goniometer Pro)
• Pain > Visual Analog Scale
• Balance > Berg Balance Scale
• Functionality > Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)
• Joint Range of Motion > Goniometer Pro
• Quality of Life > Short Form-36 will be measured.

Smartphone Application Goniometer Pro For knee joint range of motion assessment with a smartphone, subjects are positioned prone. The smartphone is placed on the lateral midline of the tibia to establish 0° knee joint extension, then active knee flexion is performed, and angular data is obtained, followed by passive knee flexion performed by the practitioner and angular data is taken again.

Assessment of Joint Position Sense For the assessment of knee joint position sense, the starting position is considered as 90° flexion. For the first target angle of 60° knee flexion, the physiotherapist passively brings the patient's knee to 60° knee flexion, holds it in that position for 5 seconds, and asks the patient to remember this angle and say "here" when they think they have reached this angle during the test. The physiotherapist returns the patient's knee to the starting position of 90° knee flexion and asks the patient to rest in the starting position for 5 seconds. Before proceeding with the test, the target angle is repeated 3 times with eyes open and 3 times with eyes closed, and the patient's "perceived target angle" in degrees is recorded. The test for one target angle is repeated 6 times by the patient and the average of 6 measurements is recorded. In the assessment of joint position sense, the patient's estimated angle is considered the actual value, and the deviation from the target angle is considered as the absolute error.

Visual Analog Scale (VAS) The Visual Analog Scale is used to measure the intensity of pain. The patient is asked to assess their pain on a line with values ranging from 0-10, where 0 means no pain, and 10 means unbearable pain. Individuals mark their pain intensity on this line according to their pain situation.

Berg Balance Scale The scale includes 14 different activities assessing functions such as getting up from sitting, sitting without support, standing without support, sitting while standing, standing with eyes closed, transfers, standing with legs together, picking up objects from the floor, reaching forward while standing, looking back while turning, turning 360 degrees, standing on a stable side stool, standing with one foot in front, and standing on one foot. Each activity is scored between 0-4. The scoring of the scale is done by adding up the scores from each section. According to the results obtained from the scale; ≤20 indicates wheelchair level, >20≤40 indicates walking with assistance, and >40≤56 indicates independence.

Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) The scale is a valid and reliable measure used to assess physical function in patients who have undergone knee surgery. The scale consists of a total of 24 questions: 5 questions related to pain (0-20 points), 2 questions related to stiffness (0-8 points), and 17 questions related to physical function difficulty (0-68 points). Higher WOMAC scores indicate a greater degree of impairment.

Short Form-36 (SF-36) It is a 36-item questionnaire containing eight domains measuring physical and mental components (PCS and MCS, respectively). Each item is scored and totaled according to a standard scoring protocol. Each domain is scored between 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate a better health status."

Inclusion criteria

• Having a hamstring tendon autograft, allograft, or undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Complete unilateral ACL rupture
• Applying to the physical therapy clinic within the first two weeks after surgical reconstruction
• Being in the age range of 20-40
• Agreeing to participate in the study
• Having signed the informed consent form

Exclusion criteria

• Presence of other intra-articular and extra-articular ligament/cartilage pathology in addition to the ACL rupture
• History of secondary reconstruction surgery
• Diagnosis of specific mechanical (alignment) disorder of the lower extremity
• Presence of central and peripheral nervous system diseases
• Diseases affecting the musculoskeletal, neurological, and vestibular systems
• Presence of chronic and systemic diseases that may cause peripheral neuropathy and loss of deep sensation (e.g., diabetes, chronic kidney failure)
• Presence of cognitive, mental, and psychological problems
• Presence of balance problems or use of medication that negatively affects balance
• History of accompanying autoimmune or inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus.