Intravenous Infusion of Umbilical Cord Blood as an Adjunctive Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease

The Clinical Dementia Rating Scale-Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) assesses cognitive functions through six different sub-items, including memory, orientation, judgment and problem-solving ability, social skills, family life and hobbies, and self-care ability.

The total score of CDR-SB ranges from 0 to 18. The higher the score, the worse the patient's cognitive function and daily living ability.

This helps to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the patient's cognitive functions in all aspects.

The assessors need to undergo professional training, be familiar with the assessment methods and scoring criteria, and avoid being influenced by subjective factors in the assessment results.

During the assessment process, it is necessary to have adequate communication with the respondents and caregivers to understand the medical history and living conditions, in order to obtain more accurate information.

Activity of Daily Living Scale（ADL） is commonly used to assess the daily living abilities of the elderly, and it plays a crucial role in the screening of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

The minimum score is 16 (which is completely normal). Scores above 16 indicate varying degrees of functional decline, with the maximum being 56.

The ADL scale consists of 14 items and is divided into two parts: the first part is the self-care scale for physical activities, including activities such as using the toilet, eating, dressing, daily hygiene, walking, and bathing. The second part is the instrumental daily living ability scale, including activities such as making phone calls, shopping, cooking, housework, taking public transportation, taking medicine, and managing finances.

The level of P-tau 181 shows a strong correlation with the density of Tau tangles in the brain. The levels of P-tau 181 in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood of patients with Alzheimer's disease were significantly higher than those of patients with other neurodegenerative diseases and the normal population. The increase in P-tau 217 is closely related to another core pathological feature of the brain - the deposition of β-amyloid plaques.

At the corresponding time point, blood samples (1.5 - 3 mL) were taken from the patients, and the levels of P-tau 181 and P-tau 217 were quantified using chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (cLEIA).

The level of P-tau 181 shows a strong correlation with the density of Tau tangles in the brain. The levels of P-tau 181 in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood of patients with Alzheimer's disease were significantly higher than those of patients with other neurodegenerative diseases and the normal population. The increase in P-tau 217 is closely related to another core pathological feature of the brain - the deposition of β-amyloid plaques. At the corresponding time point, a sample of the patient's cerebrospinal fluid (1-2 mL) was collected, and the levels of P-tau 181 and P-tau 217 in it were quantified using chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (cLEIA).

MMSE, which stands for Mini-Mental State Examination, was developed by Forstmann et al. in 1975 and is a widely used cognitive function screening tool in clinical and research settings. Its main purpose is to quickly and effectively assess the cognitive status of the subjects, especially to screen for the presence of cognitive impairments (such as dementia).

The lowest score on the scale is 0 (indicating the most severe condition), and the highest score is 30 (indicating complete normality).

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale was developed by Professor Nasreddine in 2004 as an assessment tool for rapid screening of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The cognitive domains evaluated include attention and concentration, executive function, memory, language, visuospatial skills, abstract thinking, calculation and orientation. The total score of the scale is 30 points, with the lowest score being 0. The higher the score, the better the performance of the test subject. The test result is considered normal if it is ≥ 26 points.

The Alzheimer disease assessment scale - cognitive component (ADAS-cog) is one of the most widely used general cognitive measurement methods in clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease. It consists of 12 items and can assess the severity of cognitive symptoms in AD and changes in treatment. It is often used for the efficacy evaluation of mild to moderate AD (typically, a 4-point improvement is regarded as the clinical criterion for the effectiveness of the drug). The total score of this scale ranges from 0 (no errors or no damage) to 70 (severe damage).

Tau-PET can specifically bind to abnormal tau proteins through intravenous injection, and directly visualize the distribution and density of neurofibrillary tangles (one of the core pathological features of Alzheimer's disease) in the brain in real time.Inspection process: A radioactive tracer is injected into the vein of the subject, and then the subject is left to wait for a period of time for the tracer to distribute in the brain. Finally, a PET scan is conducted to generate images.