Intravascular Lithotripsy With or Without Rotational Atherectomy for Coronary Calcified Nodule Treatment

The trial consists of two cohorts:

• Patients with calcified nodules (CN) (Cohort A)
• Patients with non-nodular severe coronary calcium (Cohort B)

Randomization will occur as follows:

• Rotational atherectomy followed by intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) or IVL alone for lesion preparation prior to stenting (Cohort A).
• Operator-determined or maximum IVL pulses prior to stenting. (Cohort B)

The trial is designed to compare two calcium modification strategies in each cohort with regard to the primary endpoints of post-procedural minimum stent area assessed by optical coherence tomography at the CN site (Cohort A) and at the site of maximum calcification (Cohort B).

Inclusion criteria

• Age ≥18 years who signed written informed consent
• Presence of a clinical indication for coronary intervention
• Patients undergoing PCI for a de novo calcified lesion with planned drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation
• Native coronary artery with significant stenosis defined as:
• ≥70% and <100% stenosis on angiography, or
• 50-70% stenosis with evidence of ischemia (positive stress test, FFR ≤ 0.8, or OCT minimal lumen area (MLA) ≤ 4.0 mm2)
• Reference vessel diameter: ≥2.5 mm to ≤ 4.0 mm
• Lesion length: ≥5mm
• Moderate to severe calcification of the target lesion confirmed by angiography
• Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade 3 at baseline

Exclusion criteria

• Cardiogenic shock at the time of procedure
• Primary PCI for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
• Pregnant, nursing, or childbearing potential without adequate contraception
• Known allergy or contraindication to DAPT (aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor)
• Planned surgery within 6 months unless DAPT can be maintained
• Life expectancy <12 months due to a serious medical illness (e.g., advanced cancer, end-stage heart failure)
• Severe kidney dysfunction (CrCl <30 mL/min) without dialysis
• Concurrent participation in another investigational study
• Referral for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) after a heart team discussion
• Angiographic evidence of thrombus at the target lesion
• Angiographic evidence of significant dissection at the treatment site prior to intervention
• Lesion with a previously placed stent within 10mm (visual estimate)
• Last remaining vessel with severely compromised left ventricular function (LVEF <30%)
• Target lesion within a saphenous vein graft (SVG)