Intrathecal Morphine for Analgesia in Video-assisted and Robotic-assisted Thoracic Surgery

This is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. Patients will be randomized into one of two groups. Group A (Placebo, control group) will receive intrathecal sterile normal saline and Group B (Morphine group) will receive 5mcg/kg preservative free intrathecal morphine.

American Pain Society Outcome Questionnaire (APS-POQ) will be administered to patients prior to discharge (see data sheet).

Patients will be followed up with a phone survey at 1 and 3 months after surgery to assess the presence, nature, and severity of chronic persistent surgical pain. The Brief Pain Inventory is a reliable and valid measures of the interference of pain with physical functioning and will be used. Additionally patients will be asked about use of pain medications

Inclusion criteria

• Age 18-80 years old
• Undergoing elective video-assisted thoracoscopic or robotic assisted surgery for anatomical lung resection
• General anesthesia with anticipated intraoperative extubation.

Exclusion criteria

• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification of 4 or 5
• Anticipated postoperative intubation
• Significant liver disease
• Preoperative use of intravenous inotropes and/or vasopressor support
• Preoperative mechanical ventilation
• Preoperative use of mechanical circulatory support device (intraaortic balloon pump, ventricular assist device, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation)
• Severe pulmonary disease (home oxygen requirement and/or current oral steroid use)
• Morphine allergy
• Opioid or alcohol abuse
• Chronic pain
• Renal failure
• Inability to comprehend English language
• Bleeding disorder
• Abnormal preoperative coagulation
• Infection
• Patient refusal
• Failed spinal