Interventions to De-implement Unnecessary Antibiotic Prescribing for Children With Ear Infections

Acute otitis media (AOM), commonly referred to as an ear infection, is the most common reason children are prescribed antibiotics, affecting 5 million children and resulting in 10 million antibiotic prescriptions annually. By 3 years of age over 60% of children will have had AOM. Though 84% of AOM episodes resolve without antibiotics, antibiotics are prescribed to >95% of children. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that most children with AOM do not receive an immediate antibiotic (an antibiotic to take right away) and instead be managed with watchful waiting, where an antibiotic is used only if the child worsens or does not improve. In clinical trials watchful waiting reduced antibiotic use by over 62% and did not result in increased complications, reduced parent satisfaction, or increased symptoms. Unfortunately, despite these trials <5% of children with AOM are managed with watchful waiting. The use of antibiotics when not needed contributes to the development of antibiotic resistant organisms, which makes future infections more difficult to treat. Additionally, unnecessary antibiotics reduce pediatric quality of life and over 26% of children who take an antibiotic experience an adverse drug event (ADE). Thus, for every 100 children with AOM who take an antibiotic at least 26 children experience harm; whereas only 5 children have symptomatic benefit.

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of two pragmatic interventions to improve patient-centered outcomes and reduce unnecessary antibiotics taken for AOM. Interventions will be conducted at 33 community-based clinics and/or urgent care centers across three distinct geographic regions in the United States. Randomization will occur at the clinic center level to either the gold standard approach or the hybrid intervention. The Practical Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model (PRISM) will be used to guide implementation and the Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework will be used to evaluate outcomes. A mixed-methods approach will be used in the pre-implementation and evaluation phases and will utilize quantitative analyses, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and surveys.

Inclusion criteria

A. Implementation of Interventions 1. Clinic at a participating organization 2. Provides care to children with AOM 3. Administrative or local approval for participation

B. Secondary Electronic Health Record Data

• Aged 6 months-17-years-old (inclusive)
• Diagnosis of AOM by ICD10 code

C. Video recordings or direct observation of the use of a shared decision aid

Parent participation:

• Child aged 6 months-17 years (inclusive)
• Diagnosed with AOM by clinician
• Parent or legal guardian is present and is >=18 years or older

Clinician Participation:

• Licensed clinician and not a medical trainee
• Age 18 >= years or older

D. Pre-implementation interviews of clinicians and administrators

• Licensed clinician (physician or advanced practice clinician) that cares for children with AOM at a participating organization or an administrator/manager at a participating organization.
• Aged >=18 years-no maximum

E. Pre-implementation focus groups of parents

• Parent or legal guardian of a child aged 6 months-17 years (inclusive) that has had AOM diagnosed at a participating organization.
• 18 years of age or older and able/willing to consent

F. Parents enrolled for surveys

• Parent or legal guardian of a child aged 6 months-17 years (inclusive) that has had AOM diagnosed at a participating organization. 2. Willing to participate and able to complete electronic surveys at enrollment and 10 days after enrollment. 3. Working phone 4. Age >=18 years of age

G. Post-intervention focus groups of parents

• Parent or legal guardian of a child aged 6 months-17 years (inclusive) that has had AOM diagnosed at a participating organization.
• 18 years of age or older and able/willing to consent

H. Post-intervention surveys of clinicians and administrators

• Licensed clinician (physician or advanced practice clinician) that cares for children with AOM at a participating organization or an administrator/manager at a participating organization.
• Aged >=18 years-no maximum

Exclusion criteria

A. Implementation of Interventions

• Clinics that exclusively provide telehealth

B. Secondary Electronic Health Record Data

• None

C. Video recordings or direct observation of the use of a shared decision aid

Parent participation:

• None

Clinician Participation:

• None

D. Pre-implementation interviews of clinicians and administrators 1. Medical trainee (student, resident, fellow, etc.)

E. Pre-implementation focus groups of parents

• None

F. Parents enrolled for surveys 1. Complicated or recurrent AOM as determined by the study team

G. Post-intervention focus groups of parents 1. None

H. Post-intervention surveys of clinicians and administrators

• Medical trainee (student, resident, fellow, etc.)