Intervention to Change Attributions That Are Negative (ICAN)

The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), is a standardized measure comprised of 34 statements to assess total aggression, as well as the following aggression subconstructs: anger, hostile thoughts, and physical and verbal aggression. Participants rate statements using a 5-point Likert scale (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).

Subscales are summed to compute a Total Aggression raw score and total Aggressions Scores were then converted to T scores (1-100) with a mean T-score =50 and Standard deviation=10 points.

Higher T-scores= more aggression/ worse outcome, thus a lower number indicates improvement Here, we are reporting the CHANGE in the group's MEAN t-score (e.g. Mean Post-test T score of 62 MINUS Mean Pre-test t score of 58 = Mean CHANGE score of -4, which means less aggression post-treatment). Thus, we are NOT reporting t-scores in this Results section; just the mean change of these scores. Negative scores indicate an improvement.

The Anger-Affect Scale, from the PROMIS Anger, is a 5 item subjective questionnaire that requires participants to indicate the frequency with which they have been bothered by anger symptoms in the past week using a 5 point Likert scale (1.2,3,4,5). Total Raw scores range from 5-25. Higher scores indicate more severe anger; lower scores indicate lower levels of anger. Thus, a negative change score indicates a reduction in anger.

The Global Impression of change for Anger and Aggression is a 1 item question that measures perceived change in anger and aggression Using a 7-point scale (1="no change" to "A great deal better, and a considerable improvement that has made all the difference"). Total Raw scores range from 1-7.Higher scores indicate greater change.

• No change (or condition has gotten worse)
• Almost the same, hardly any change at all
• A little better, but no noticeable change
• Somewhat better, but the change has not made any real difference
• Moderately better, and a slight but noticeable change
• Better, and a definite improvement that has made a real and worthwhile difference
• A great deal better, and a considerable improvement that has made all the difference

The Global Impression of change for Perspective Taking and Empathy is a 1 item question that measures perceived change in Perspective Taking and Empathy using a 7-point scale (1="no change" to "A great deal better, and a considerable improvement that has made all the difference"). Total Raw scores range from 1-7.Higher scores indicate greater change.

• No change (or condition has gotten worse)
• Almost the same, hardly any change at all
• A little better, but no noticeable change
• Somewhat better, but the change has not made any real difference
• Moderately better, and a slight but noticeable change
• Better, and a definite improvement that has made a real and worthwhile difference
• A great deal better, and a considerable improvement that has made all the difference

We will use 2 subscales from the Interpersonal Reactivity Index: Perspective-taking and Empathic Concern. It is a standardized, subjective measure that uses a 5 point scale. There are 7 questions for each subscale.

Scale (0,1,2,3,4). Scores are calculated each subscale Perspective scale scores range from 0-28 Empathic concern scores range from 0-28 Higher scores indicate more perspective taking and empathy

Participants are presented with 21 hypothetical scenarios are 21. After each scenario, participants rate attributions of intent, hostility, and blame, as well as how angry they would be in response to the scenario using a 9-point Likert scale. Scores are calculated for attributions of intent; 2) attributions of hostility; 3) attributions of blame; 4) and anger responses.

Rating Scale:1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Scores are calculated for each attribution (intent, hostility, blame) and anger response) Separate average scores are calculated for attributions of intent, hostility, blame and ange.

Average scores for each range from 1-9. Higher scores indicate more negative attributions or anger.

The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT) is a performance-based measure that uses short one minute video vignettes to assess emotion recognition and social inferences. Participants' responses are scored as right or wrong. Each correct response earns 1 points. Below are the three subtests that comprise the TASIT. Correct responses are tallied as total scores.

Part I: Emotion Perception. 28 items. Score ranges from 0-28. Higher score is better performance.

Part 2: Social inference (minimal context- not much context available to make inference of sincere and sarcastic exchanges). 15 items. Scores range from 0-15. Higher score is better performance.

Part 3: Social Inference (Enriched context - more context available to make inference of sarcasm and lies). 16 items. Scores range from 0-16. Higher score is better performance.

The Difficulty with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a 5-point Likert scale that participants use to rate the frequency they utilize self-regulation behaviors in response to general emotional distress.

Total scores indicate emotion dysregulation or problems with regulating emotions. There are 6 subscales. Subscale scores are summed to generate a total emotion dysregulation score.

Likert scale (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Total Raw scores range from 36-180. Higher scores indicate more emotion regulation problems (worse outcome) Subscales are summed to compute a Total Emotion dysregulation raw score.

This questionnaire consists of 15 written vignettes describing actions/ situations that were intentional (5), am-biguous (5) and accidental (5). After participants read each vignette and imagine the scenario happening to her or him, they are asked five questions: 1) why the other person (or persons) acted that way toward you (open-ended response later rated by two independent raters; score indicates ''hostility bias''); 2) Whether the other person (or persons) performed the action on purpose (1 ''definitely no'' to 6 ''definitely yes'') using a Likert Scale (Intent score); 3) how angry it would make them feel (1 ''not at all angry'' to 5 ''very angry'') using a Likert scale (anger score); 4) how much they would blame the other person (or persons) (1 ''not at all'' to 5 ''very much'') using a Likert scale (blame score); and 5) how she or he would respond to the situation, (open-ended re-sponse).