Intervention for Victimized Youth

The Behavioral and Emotional Screening System is a 30 item measure. For each item, participants decide how often a statement is true for them and respond using a 4-point Likert scale (0=never to 3=always). Personal adjustment is measured by 8 items (possible mean scores ranging from 0 to 3) and internalizing problems is measured by 10 items (possible mean scores ranging from 0 to 3). Mean item scores are computed for personal adjustment and internalizing problems, respectively, at pretest (time 1) and posttest (time 2). For both subscales, higher scores indicate greater difficulties, i.e., worse adjustment and worse internalizing issues.

The Knowledge of Self-Protection Options (KSPO) scale consists of 9 items assessing the degree to which participants have knowledge of how to protect themselves. Participants are asked "If I am being bullied, I know how to..." then rate each item on a 3 point scale ranging from 0 (No), 1 (A little bit), or 2 (Yes). Mean scores were calculated for each participant, which could range from 0 to 2, which higher scores representing greater knowledge of how to protect oneself.

The Self-Efficacy for Protecting Self (SEPS) scale consists of 8 items with the stem of "How do you rate your ability to engage in each action?" Response options range from 1 (I can not do this well at all) to 4 (I can do this very well). Mean scores were calculated for each participant, which could range from 1 to 4, which higher scores representing greater efficacy in protecting oneself.

Coping skills will be measured using the Brief COPE, which is a 28-item scale that assesses coping strategies. Items are rated on a scale from 1 (I haven't been doing this at all) to 4 (I've been doing this a lot). Avoidance coping is measured by 11 items and approach coping is measured by 12 items. Mean scores were calculated for each participant, which could range from 1 to 4, which higher scores representing greater knowledge of how to protect oneself.

The victim subscale of the Bullying Participant Behavior Questionnaire will be used to assess traditional/in-person victimization. The scale consists of 10 items Participants respond ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (7 or more times) in the past 30 days. A mean score was calculated for each participant, which could range from 1 to 5 with higher scores representing more victimization.

The victim subscale of the Cyber Bullying Participant Rating Scales will be used to assess cyber victimization. The scale consists of 11 items. The 6-point Likert scale (1 = not at all to 6 = many times a week) requires participants to rate how often they have been a victim. A mean score was calculated for each participant, which could range from 1 to 6 with higher scores representing more cyber victimization.

Child PTSD Symptom Screener-Self-Report Version for DSM-5 will be used to assess traumatic stress symptoms. The scale consists of 16 self-report items with item responses ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (6 or more times a week/almost always). A mean score was calculated for each participant, which could range from 0 to 4 with higher scores representing more traumatic stress.

The Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale will be used to assess perceptions of social support. Only the peer support scale will be used. It consists of 12 items with response options ranging from 1 (never) to 6 (always). A mean score was calculated for each participant, which could range from 1 to 6 with higher scores representing more social support.