Skip to main content
OpenTrials
Completed

NCT Number: NCT06237530

Interoception and Body Scan

Body scan meditation has been assumed to be an interoceptive intervention, and the evidence for its effects on interoceptive processes is unclear. Although this mindfulness based exercise typically involves focusing on some interoceptive signals such as breath, it also involves other bodily cues, such as somatosensory cues. The present study aimed to (1) investigate the feasibility of three online delivered mindfulness practices that differ in the signals targeted: visceral body scan (VBS), somatosensory body scan (SBS), and external (non body) meditation (ECM), and (2) gain insight into the potentially different effects of these interventions on interoceptive and other psychological outcomes in order to inform future full scale randomized controlled trials (RCT).

Completed

Looking for future studies?

Notify Me

Key information

Conditions

Age range

18 year and older

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Phase 1 / Phase 2

Primary location

Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Valencia

Valencia, 46010, Spain

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Age over 18
  • being Spanish or English speakers
  • Ability to use a computer or smartphone
  • Daily access to computer or smartphone with an Internet connection

Exclusion criteria

  • Being diagnosed with a severe psychiatric disorder (e.g., substance abuse, eating disorder, psychotic disorder)
  • Severe visual or auditory difficulties that cannot be corrected with glasses or auditory aids
  • Having a medical condition that prevents participation in this study
  • Changes in psychotropic medication during the study
  • Having been exposed to any extremely traumatic event that is being re-experienced or interfering during the last month
  • Body image-related difficulties as indicated by scores above 3 on the Body Image as Source of Shame questionnaire.
  • Regular meditation practice in the current moment

Treatment and study plan

Visceral body scan (VBS)

Behavioral

The VBS consisted of a mindfulness exercise designed to bring awareness to visceral sensations in the cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary systems. These physiological systems were chosen because most of the paradigms developed in the literature to assess interoception focus on them (Khalsa et al., and they are widely recognized in the literature as interoceptive senses (Nord & Garfinkel, 2022)

Other names: Interoceptive body scan, Interoceptive meditation practice

Somatosensory body scan (SBS)

Behavioral

The SBS consisted of a mindfulness exercise designed to bring awareness to tactile (e.g., itching) and musculoskeletal (e.g. g., tension) sensations in different parts of the body, namely, the head and neck, back, arms, and legs. Body scan exercises typically focus on these types of bodily cues (in addition to breathing) (Williams, 2010).

Other names: Exteroceptive body scan, Somatosensory meditation practice

External control meditation (ECM)

Behavioral

The ECM consisted of a mindfulness exercise designed to bring awareness to external stimuli, including sounds and visual properties of the environment.

Other names: Non-body meditation practice, Visual and auditory mindfulness exercise

Primary outcomes

  1. Adherence assessed by completed intervention sessions

    Time frame: Through study completion, a total of 7 days

    Percentage of completed daily sessions during the 7-day intervention

  2. Meditation-related adverse effects assessed by a self-report questionnaire

    Time frame: Immediately post-intervention

    Meditation-Related Adverse Effect Scale - Mindfulness-Based Program. It includes 11 dichotomic items (yes/no questions), so scores ranges from 0 to 11, with higher scores indicating more adverse effects

  3. Acceptability assessed by a satisfaction questionnaire

    Time frame: Immediately post-intervention

    Treatment Satisfaction Scale. It includes 5 items rated on Likert-point scale ranging from 0 to 10. Thus, total scores range from 0 to 50, with higher scores indicating greater acceptability of the intervention

  4. Self-reported quality of the mindfulness practice

    Time frame: Immediately post-intervention

    Practice Quality-Mindfulness. It consists of 6 items rated on a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores reflecting a higher level of practice quality.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Adaptive interoceptive sensibility style assessed by a questionnaire

    Time frame: Immediately pre-intervention and immediately post-intervention

    Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-2. It consists of 37 items rated on a 6-point Likert scale, with higher values indicating a more adaptive and healthier interoceptive sensibility style (healthier approach to internal bodily signals).

  2. Sensitivity and attention to interoceptive signals assessed by a questionnaire

    Time frame: Immediately pre-intervention and immediately post-intervention

    Interoceptive Sensitivity and Attention Questionnaire. It consists of 17 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (totally disagree) to 5 (totally agree). Higher scores reflect greater sensitivity to bodily sensations

  3. Perceived Body Boundaries in bodily self-awareness assessed by a VAS

    Time frame: Immediately pre-intervention and immediately post-intervention

    Perceived Body Boundaries Scale. It is visual analogue scale that depicts seven human bodies, ranging from almost imperceptible at the left pole (labeled "my body boundaries are almost imperceptible") to extremely salient at the right pole (labeled my body boundaries are extremely salient"). Scores can range from 0 to 15.5, with higher scores indicating greater salience in perceiving body boundaries.

  4. Spatial Frame of Reference in bodily self-awareness assessed by a VAS

    Time frame: Immediately pre-intervention and immediately post-intervention

    Spatial Frame of Reference Continuum. It is a visual analogue scale depicting five concentric circles surrounding the outline of a human figure, and individuals are asked to indicate how far they feel that their self extends beyond their physical body. Scores range from 1 to 6, with higher scores reflecting a more allocentric (vs. egocentric) frame of reference.

  5. Mindfulness trait assessed by a self-report questionnaire

    Time frame: Immediately pre-intervention and immediately post-intervention

    Short form of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. It is a 15-item instrument that measures the tendency to be mindful in daily life. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale, from 1 (never or very rarely true) to 5 (very often or always true). It includes the following dimensions: observing, describing, acting with awareness, non judging internal experience, and non reactivity to internal experience. Higher scores indicate higher levels of the corresponding mindfulness dimension.

  6. Alexithymia assessed by a self-report questionnaire

    Time frame: Immediately pre-intervention and immediately post-intervention

    The Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire Questionnaire-Short Form. It includes 7 items rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree; 7=strongly agree), with higher scores indicating higher levels of alexithymia

  7. Negative emotion regulation assessed by a self-report questionnaire

    Time frame: Immediately pre-intervention and immediately post-intervention

    Short-form version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. It is an 18 item questionnaire that measures the degree of difficulty in regulating emotions. Items are rated on a 5 point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (almost never) to 5 almost always). It includes the following dimensions: (1) lack of emotional awareness of one's own emotions; (2) self reported difficulty in completing tasks and concentrating in the presence of negative emotions; (3) limited access to regulatory strategies that the in dividual perceives as effective; (4) nonacceptance of negative emotional states; (5) self reported difficulty in controlling one's behavior in the presence of negative emotional states, and (6) lack of emotional clarity, i.e., limited knowledge and clarity about one's emotional states. Higher scores indicate higher difficulties in regulating emotions.

  8. Positive emotion regulation assessed by a self-report questionnaire

    Time frame: Immediately pre-intervention and immediately post-intervention

    Responses to Positive Affect Questionnaire. It is a 16 item questionnaire that measures responses to positive moods, including dampening (i.e., thoughts that are likely to dampen positive emotional states), self focused positive rumination (i.e., rumination on aspects of the self and the pursuit of goals relevant to the self), and emotion focused positive rumination (i.e., rumination on positive mood). Items are rated on a 4 point Likert scale, ranging from 1 almost never ) to 4 almost always ), with higher scores reflecting a greater use of such strategy.

  9. Depressive symptomatology assessed by a self-report questionnaire

    Time frame: Immediately pre-intervention and immediately post-intervention

    Patient Health Questionnaire-9. It consists of 9 items, which are rated on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (almost every day). Higher scores indicate greater severity of depressive symptoms.

  10. Qualitative feedback assessed by several open-ended questions

    Time frame: Immediately pre-intervention and immediately post-intervention

    Ad-hoc open-ended questions: ended questions: (1) "Do you think that participating in this study has helped you learn something or become aware of something? If so, what did you learn?"; (2) Do you think that doing the meditation practice has helped you improve anything? If so, what benefits have you noticed noticed?"; (3) Does this practice make sense to you, and why? "; (4) Please describe the sensations, thoughts and/or feelings you have had while doing the meditation practice "; (5) What difficulties have you found when doing the meditation practice?"; (6) What did you like most about the meditation practice? And what did you like the least?", and (7) What do you think is the objective or hypothesis of the study?".

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

University of Valencia

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Exploring Visceral Body Scan, Somatosensory Body Scan, and External Meditation

Important dates

Study start
2023
Primary completion
2023
Study completion
2023
First posted
Feb 1, 2024
Registry last updated
Feb 1, 2024

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

Published trials that share one or more normalized conditions with this study.