Internal Rotation Deficit of the Glenohumeral Joint in Advanced-level Handball Players

The secondary objectives of this study are :

A- To estimate and compare the prevalence of Internal Rotation Deficit within groups

B- To assess the association between the Internal Rotation Deficit and the appearance of a shoulder pain and/or discomfort when throwing

C- To assess the association between Internal Rotation Deficit and the appearance of a shoulder pathology demonstrated by clinical examination by at least one abnormality in one of the following three tests: the arming apprehension test, the relocation test or the O'Brien test

D- Assess changes in values of IRD 2, the ratio IRD 2/GRE 2, and the Total Range of Motion over the training season

E- Evaluate the association between the values of IRD 2 and the appearance of shoulder pain or discomfort when throwing

F- To evaluate the association between IRD 2 values and the appearance of a shoulder pathology (at least one anomaly in one of three tests: the arming apprehension test, the relocation test or the O'Brien test).

G- To assess the association between values of the IRD 2/GRE 2 ratio and the appearance of shoulder pain or discomfort when throwing

H- To assess the association between values of the IRD 2/GRE 2 ratio and the appearance of a shoulder pathology (at least one anomaly in one of three tests: the arming apprehension test, the relocation test or the O'Brien test).

I- To estimate the optimal threshold value of the IRD 2/GRE 2 ratio that would define an Internal Rotation Deficit in a more relevant fashion as compred to the IRD 2 alone

Inclusion criteria

• The subject or his/her legal guardian must have given his/her informed and signed consent
• The subject must be insured or beneficiary of a health insurance plan
• The subject is a member of the professional and pre-professional handball clubs in Nîmes, France (the USAM or HBCN clubs) -- OR-- a member of the training centers associated with the same clubs whose parents or legal representatives have given informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• The subject is under judicial protection, under tutorship or curatorship
• The subject or his/her legal respresentative refuses to sign the consent
• It is impossible to correctly inform the subject
• The subject is pregnant, parturient, or breastfeeding
• The subject has been operated for shoulder instability, regardless of the surgical technique used
• The subject has a history of fracture of the proximal end of the humerus and / or elbow
• The subject has a history of rotator cuff surgery
• The subject has neurological or spinal problems, or has received physiotherapy on the shoulder complex within 30 days prior to the study assessment