Improving Uptake of Bowel Cancer Screening Among South Asian Adults in Bradford

Bowel cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in England. Screening can improve survival by detecting cancer earlier, when cancer is easier to treat. However, participation in screening is sub-optimal, and there are ethnic and regional inequalities in uptake. Indeed, in 2022, uptake of bowel cancer screening in Yorkshire and Humber was 72.2% overall, but only 67.8% in Bradford, where there is a high proportion of South Asian residents (uptake of bowel cancer screening in England has been shown to be 50% lower among South adults, compared with White British adults).

Universal approaches attempting to increase the uptake of bowel cancer screening, such as text-message reminders, have been shown to be effective, but tend to be inaccessible to those whose first language is not English and, thus, may widen health inequalities. In addition, recent research indicates that a plethora of culturally specific barriers, over and above language barriers, prohibit participation in bowel cancer screening by South Asian individuals. Thus, culturally tailored approaches, which address population-specific barriers, are needed to ensure equitable access to, and uptake of, screening.

The investigators have spent the past two years working with South Asian communities to understand their barriers to participation, and have identified the following barriers to completing the test: 1) lack of knowledge about bowel cancer and screening (knowledge); 2) lack of language, literacy and physical ability (skills) to carry out the home test; 3) confidence to carry it out correctly (belief about capabilities); 4) appropriate space and time to carry out the test (environmental context and resources); 5) putting off undertaking the test (memory attention and decision processes); 6) risk perception and fear of cancer (emotions).

Mapping previous findings onto the Theoretical Domains Framework (in red) and, subsequently, the Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy (BCTT), research suggests that interventions which include 'education/information', 'persuasion', 'modelling' and 'enablement' functions (as defined by the BCTT) could address the barriers and increase the completion rate of the home-based bowel cancer screening test (among South Asian adults).

To address the identified barriers, and implement the above functions (in blue) the investigators propose a multifaceted intervention, comprising: 1) an easy to use and hygienic biodegradable poo catcher compared with the standard faecal immunochemical test kit (enablement) [see Appendix A]; 2) an instruction letter and booklet, with additional information on bowel cancer and screening, provided in English and multiple South Asian languages (enablement and education/information); 3) links to YouTube videos on how to use the biodegradable poo catcher (modelling and persuasion) [see Appendix A].

Inclusion criteria

• Patients registered with one of 17 participating GP practices in Bradford
• Patients invited for bowel cancer screening during the implementation period

Exclusion criteria

• Individuals who are self-referrals
• Type 2 objectors