Implementation Science to Reduce the Disparity in Tobacco Treatment Among Individuals With Serious Mental Illness

The overarching goal of this pilot project is to reduce the disparity in the treatment of tobacco use among individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) with low burden, multi-level implementation strategies, an important need reflected in existing evidence and a recent survey of community needs. Individuals with SMI have a much higher smoking prevalence (60% vs. 15%) and die 25 years earlier compared to the general population. Despite the fact that SMI patients express interest in and have success with evidence-based smoking cessation treatment, inadequate provision of treatment in community mental health centers (CMHCs) contributes to the high smoking prevalence and related health consequences among the mentally ill. The pilot trial aims to understand the feasibility and preliminary effects of a multilevel intervention "Nudges to Quit," designed to increase patient, case worker, and pharmacist engagement with tobacco treatment in a community mental health clinic setting. Therefore, the investigators propose a pilot randomized trial of 60 patients. Patients will be randomized with 1:1 allocation to usual care vs. intervention "Nudges to Quit". All patients will receive pre-appointment tobacco treatment needs assessment (t1) with patient input as decision support for their care team. For patients in the intervention arm, their care team (case worker and pharmacist) will receive nudge reminders based on patient-reported tobacco treatment need assessment to offer tobacco treatment. For patients in the usual care arm, the team will proceed with usual care and receive the intervention at 3 months post-enrollment (t2) to ensure all participants will receive benefit from the intervention with variation in timing. All patients will receive a baseline (t1), 3 month (t2), and 6 month follow-up survey (t3). In Aim 1, the investigators will test the effect of nudges on patient receipt of tobacco treatment. The investigators hypothesize patient receipt of tobacco cessation treatment such as medication and counseling will be higher after delivery of nudges over usual care. In Aim 2, the investigators will test the effect of nudges on smoking behaviors. The investigators hypothesize smoking behaviors will be positively effected in the nudges to quit group compared to usual care. In Aim 3, the investigators will evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effect of this pilot project for a future R01 proposal to systematically evaluate this multilevel intervention adapted for CMHCs.

Inclusion criteria

• Patient of participating clinic
• Current smoker, >5 cigarettes per day
• Age 18 years or older
• Can speak and understand English

Exclusion criteria

• Active use or receipt of tobacco treatment (medication or counseling) within the past 30 days