Implementation of Up-front ctDNA Into Lung Cancer Care and Development of Liquid Biopsy-based Decision Support Models - LM² Study

RATIONALE: Despite scientific evidence, use of liquid biopsy (LB) in diagnosis and monitoring of lung cancer (LC) is limited since it requires major changes in diagnostic and care pathways. Analyzing tumor markers (TMs), circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in blood (LB) can inform about the nature of the tumor, the most appropriate therapy, therapy response and resistance.

OBJECTIVE: To implement up-front ctDNA analysis ('plasma first approach') into routine diagnostic work-up of all advanced stage LC patients in the Southeast of the Netherlands (the participating hospitals in the OncoZON region) and to thereby validate that significantly more information about the molecular make-up of the tumor becomes available by introduction of up-front ctDNA. To establish that the number of tissue NGS analyses decreases and time to therapeutic decision making is shortened. To build and to validate, using ctDNA, TM and other information, multiparametric decision support models that may support diagnosis, predict the outcome of the next imaging procedure and survival during follow up. The final goal is to develop a super-resolution microscopy test that can detect PD-L1 expression on CTCs.

STUDY DESIGN: Multicenter, prospective, implementation and diagnostic cohort study.

STUDY POPULATION: 800 patients suspected of having lung cancer.

MAIN STUDY PARAMETERS/ENDPOINTS: ctDNA analysis, as additional source of genetic information, has been integrated into the diagnostic workup of LC patients and the medical benefits thereof are quantified, e.g. a significant higher percentage of patients with a driver mutation is identified by introduction of the plasma first approach. Multiparametric decision support algorithms based on imaging, TM and ctDNA analyses that identify small-cell LC (SCLC) and non-small-cell LC (NSCLC) have been developed and validated. Multiparametric decision support models have been developed that enable patient-specific timing of imaging procedures and predict survival during follow-up of LC patients. A super-resolution microscopy test for PD-L1 is developed and correlation with tumor tissue PD-L1 expression has been established.

NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE BURDEN AND RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH PARTICIPATION, BENEFIT AND GROUP RELATEDNESS: At diagnosis, an extra 10 mL of blood are drawn during a routine venipuncture. Patients with advanced stage LC (stage IIIb/c or IV) undergo an extra venipuncture (40 mL).The longest follow up period for a patient is 36 months with a maximum of 20 blood draws. The volume per draw ranges from 10-40 mL. The risks of a venipuncture are negligible and the burden minimal. Those patients for whom a targetable mutation is found by ctDNA analysis benefit from the advantages of targeted therapy, i.e. better survival and less side effects of the treatment.

Inclusion criteria

• Aged 18 or above and suspected of having lung cancer

Exclusion criteria

• Presence of another malignant tumor, i.e. diagnosed with a tumor in the past 5 years