Implementation of Genomics in Substance Use Disorder Treatment

Participants in both groups were asked about their use of several smoking cessation medications (Question: "In the past 30 days, have you used any of the following prescription medications or over-the-counter aids to help you quit or cut back on smoking?"; Response options: 1=Bupropion or Zyban; 2=Varenicline or Chantix; 3=Nicotine patch; 4=Nicotine gum or lozenge; 5=Other (Specify).

Participants in both groups were asked "In the past 30 days, how many days did you smoke cigarettes" and "On the days in which you smoked cigarettes in the past month, about how many cigarettes did you smoke". The values from these questions are multiplied together and then divided by 30 (days) to calculate the number of cigarettes smoked per day for each participant.

Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported stage of readiness to quit smoking.

This measure includes one item based on the Transtheoretical Model of Change and measured along stages of Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, and Action. (Question: ""Are you thinking of quitting smoking?""; Response options: 1=No, I am not seriously considering quitting within the next 6 months (Precontemplation); 2=Yes, I am seriously considering quitting within the next 6 months (Contemplation); 3=Yes, I am seriously planning to quit within the next 30 days (Preparation); 4=I have quit smoking within the past 6 months (Action). A higher score represents a higher stage of readiness to quit smoking. "

Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of personal susceptibility to smoking-related diseases. This measure includes one item comprising the perceived susceptibility scale (Question: "How likely is it for you to develop a smoking-related disease such as lung cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), if you continue to smoke?"; Response options: 1=Very unlikely; 2=Somewhat unlikely; 3=Neither unlikely nor likely; 4=Somewhat likely; 5=Very likely). A higher score represents a higher perceived disease risk.

Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of personal health benefits related to quitting smoking. This measure is based on 3 items from the Perceived Risks and Benefits Questionnaire (PRBQ) addressing benefits related to reduced risks of smoking-related diseases, avoidance of future health problems, and increased longevity if the participant were to quit smoking. Response options to individual items were assessed on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=Very Unlikely to 5=Very Likely. Individual scores on the 3 items were then averaged together for a total scale range of 1 to 5. A higher score represents higher perceived benefits of cessation.

Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of the importance of using smoking cessation medications to help quit smoking.

This measure includes 4 items modified from the Beliefs and Attitudes about Buproprion Scale which assesses perceived importance of using medications for smoking cessation, perceived confidence in medications as a smoking cessation aid, general expectancy that smoking cessation medications help people stop smoking, and perceived confidence in being able to use smoking cessation medications within the next month. Response options to individual items were assessed on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=Not at all to 5=Extremely. Individual scores on the 4 items were then averaged together for at total scale range of 1-5. A higher score represents a higher perceived value of cessation treatment.

Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of personal ability to engage in activities that promote smoking cessation. This measure is based on 3 items modified from the Skill Self-Efficacy Scale and 3 items modified from the Try Self-Efficacy Scale. Skill self-efficacy items address confidence to solicit social support, avoid situations with a high risk of relapse, and distract oneself when experiencing cravings during a quit attempt. Try self-efficacy items address perceived personal ability to smoke fewer cigarettes a day, resist smoking for one week, and resist smoking for one month. Response options to individual items were assessed on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=Not at all to 5=Very. Individual scores on the 3 items were then averaged together for a total scale range of 1-5. A higher score represents a higher perceived self-efficacy of cessation.

Participants in both groups were assessed on self-reported perceptions of the extent to which the intervention was personally significant and applicable. This measure includes 4 items modified from the Personal Relevance Scale and addresses the extent to which the intervention helped participants learn something about themselves, the role that their personal characteristics play in their smoking, how smoking affects their life, and the impact on their smoking cessation attempts. Response options to individual items were assessed on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=Strongly Disagree to 5=Strongly Agree. Individual scores on the 4 items were then averaged together for a total scale range of 1 to 5. A higher score represents a higher perception of personal relevance of the intervention.