Main study: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines Implementation Science (IS) as the process of applying evidence to the treatment or prevention of human disease. In response, this trial is significant because it addresses testing of multimodal implementation strategies of an evidence-based intervention (CAPABLE) in a Medicaid setting to improve the quality and effectiveness of a waiver. Investigators will utilize implementation strategies refined in prior work (MiCAP; Hartford/Hillman/CMS) where the investigators trained clinicians (N=34) and provided CAPABLE for beneficiaries (N=270).
For this application, the investigators extend their work and train "all" Registered Nurses (RNs), Occupational Therapists (OTs), and Social Workers (SWs) (N=575) in the waiver sites in Michigan to implement the CAPABLE model of care for "all" Medicaid waiver beneficiaries (N=15,000). Guided by site managers, the team will select and train Internal Facilitators (IFs), who are supervisors/employees that work for the waiver site, to conduct facilitation at each site as "Champions". Investigators will utilize waiver employees as External Facilitators (EFs), who were early adopters of CAPABLE in prior work, as "Super-Champions" for Arm 2.
This trial is also significant as it addresses a critical barrier to implementation of evidence-based interventions to improve function in older adults living in the community to age-in-place (CAPABLE). Evidence suggest 90% of older adults prefer to age-in-place; yet a gap exists between their desire and ability. Thus, further testing of efficacy of an intervention (CAPABLE) in a Medicaid waiver population will fill a gap in science and build upon evidence.
The Institute of Medicine, NIH, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality have each established IS as a research priority so that the benefits of evidence-based interventions can be realized. Consequently, strategies (MiCAP) to overcome barriers and increase the pace and the effectiveness of implementation are a public health priority. The multimodal implementation strategies (MiCAP N=6) include: assessing readiness, conducting training, using IF Champions, building an IF coalition, and audit and feedback is adequate. Additionally, investigators will examine if the additive EF is required to support adoption and sustainability of an evidence-based intervention (CAPABLE).
Disabilities in basic activities of daily living (ADLs [e.g., bathing, toileting]) and instrumental ADLs (IADL [e.g., shopping, cleaning]) are the primary modifiable predictors of nursing home (NH) placement. Disability is also a major driver of increased risk of falls and may lead to poor quality-of-life. Disability creates an inability to carry out everyday ADLs. There are a number of risks for disability like complex medication regimens, poor balance and strength, inadequate communication with clinicians, falling, and unsafe ADL performance. In addition, unsafe environments and deteriorated housing increase risk.
To address this problem, the evidence-based intervention, CAPABLE, addresses modifiable intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors and considers the psychological, environmental, and physical factors to enhance function of disabled individuals and promote aging-in-place. A multi-component model of care, CAPABLE was designed to reduce the effect of problems with physical function among low-income older adults living at home by addressing an individual's capabilities and the home environment.
CAPABLE was adapted from the ABLE program. ABLE used a person-directed, consultative model involving 6 home sessions conducted by OTs and physical therapists who provided home alterations (assistive devices [e.g., shower chair, reacher, raised toilet seat], environmental modifications [e.g., grab bar, ramps], and select home modifications [e.g., widen bathroom doorway]) and instruction in various techniques to enable participants to achieve self-identified functional goals. CAPABLE is a 16-week structured program delivered by OTs who conduct 6 home visits and provide assistive devices, RNs who conduct 4 home visits, and a repairperson who provides home alterations (i.e., installs devices, environmental modifications, and home repair). CAPABLE's interdisciplinary team provides consultation with older adults to help them identify daily activity goals (e.g., taking a shower, walking to the bathroom), evaluate barriers to achieving those goals, and attain outcomes collaboratively. The OT addresses ADLs, IADLs, and discretionary activities at home such as functional mobility, meal preparation, bathing, and dressing. The RN targets underlying issues that influence ADLs, IADLs, and discretionary activities at home, such as pain reduction, improvement in mood, fall prevention, medication review and management, primary care physician communication, incontinence management, sexual health, and smoking cessation. CAPABLE draws upon approaches to enhance uptake and adoption of strategies by patients by assessing readiness and using motivational interviewing.
In this trial, the investigators move IS forward by examining a multimodal implementation strategy (MiCAP) approach to implement evidence (CAPABLE) in a Medicaid Waiver program. To fill an IS gap, investigators will use proven implementation strategies that are packaged (MiCAP) and delivered to clinicians in the waiver program sites to support beneficiary improvement in function and those factors that influence function in older disabled adults aging-in-place.
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPLEMENT There is a paucity of literature on caregiver provision of assessment or direct care to individuals with AD or dementia, as most discuss burden, confidence, stress, depression, or health. In 2005, the AARP used a Delphi technique to identify caregiver competency domains of medical/nursing skills, assessment, measurement, collaborating, and communication. A review of caregiver training programs found problem solving, use of community resources, and communication to be the primary focus. Physical or emotional assessment, medical/nursing skills training, home exercises, medication management, or planning, like what is needed when delivering CAPABLE, appeared to be lacking in caregiver training. Regarding toolkit usage, Powell and colleagues recommend using toolkits when implementing interventions, and our parent trial uses a beneficiary toolkit. A recent review of 72 studies evaluating use of toolkits (i.e. weight management, fall prevention, vaccination, pain management, and patient safety) found 57% reported adherence to clinical procedures and toolkit effects were positive. This finding supports use of a toolkit with caregivers when CAPABLE is deployed with beneficiaries with AD or dementia. Many older adults cared for by informal caregivers have unmet needs. A 44.3% (38.2% ADL related, 14.6% IADL related) unmet need rate is common among older adults with caregivers. Higher rates of unmet needs are likely in beneficiaries in the waiver as they are multi-morbid and low-income with few resources and even worse in those with AD or dementia.
