Impact of Pringle Maneuver on Postoperative Gallbladder Diseases After Hepatectomy

Hepatectomy is a primary curative treatment for various liver solid lesions. Given the liver's extensive vascular network, effective inflow occlusion is crucial during hepatectomy to minimize intraoperative blood loss and shorten operative time. The Pringle maneuver, which involves the temporary clamping of the hepatic artery and portal vein, is the most frequently utilized technique for this purpose. Despite its effectiveness in controlling hemorrhage, the Pringle maneuver inevitably induces ischemic-reperfusion injury to the hepatobiliary system and interrupts the blood supply to the gallbladder. This interruption may theoretically contribute to a higher risk of postoperative gallbladder diseases, including cholelithiasis and chronic cholecystitis.

In current clinical practice, the management of a disease-free gallbladder during hepatectomy remains controversial. Some surgeons advocate for simultaneous prophylactic cholecystectomy to prevent future gallbladder-related complications, whereas others prefer gallbladder preservation when no overt pathological changes are present. To date, robust evidence regarding the definitive impact of the Pringle maneuver on the incidence of postoperative gallbladder diseases is lacking.

This multicenter retrospective cohort study is designed to bridge this evidence gap. Clinical data will be retrospectively extracted for patients who underwent elective hepatectomy with gallbladder preservation across multiple major clinical centers in China from January 2012 to January 2022. The study will comprehensively evaluate and analyze baseline demographic profiles, preoperative laboratory indicators, tumor characteristics, intraoperative parameters (specifically the application and duration of the Pringle maneuver), and postoperative outcomes. The primary focus is to assess the occurrence of postoperative gallbladder diseases and identify potential risk factors associated with this complication. The findings are expected to provide high-quality, real-world evidence to guide surgical decision-making regarding gallbladder management during hepatectomy.

Inclusion criteria

• Aged 18 to 85 years.
• Definitive diagnosis of hepatic solid lesions confirmed by imaging (such as CT, MRI, or ultrasound) and/or pathology.
• Underwent elective hepatectomy with gallbladder preservation.
• Preoperative liver function evaluated as Child-Pugh class A or B.
• Preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification of I, II, or III.

Exclusion criteria

• Preoperative evaluation indicating pre-existing biliary tract diseases (e.g., cholelithiasis, biliary inflammation, neoplastic lesions).
• History of previous upper abdominal surgery.
• Application of non-hepatic inflow occlusion methods during surgery (e.g., hemihepatic vascular occlusion, selective segmental vascular occlusion).
• Personal history of long-term use of hormone replacement therapy, somatostatin and its analogues, or oral contraceptives.
• Loss to follow-up or missing critical data postoperatively.