Immediate Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Versus Re-treatment for Patients With High-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia

• Disease control group: patients proceeded to allogeneic HSCT as soon as possible. Patients were allowed to receive low-dose chemotherapy that is not intended for the purpose of achieving a second remission.
• Retreatment group: Receive a second course of anti-leukemic treatment prior to allogeneic HSCT. The anti-leukemic treatment regimen will be determined based on the genetic mutation status. Patients without targetable mutations will receive a combination of BCL-2 inhibitors and demethylating agents as salvage chemotherapy. Patients with targetable mutations will receive appropriate targeted therapy (e.g., FLT3 inhibitors, IDH inhibitors).

For patients who have already received targeted therapy during induction treatment, the researchers may choose the treatment regimen based on the individual patient's condition.

Inclusion criteria

• AML patients aged ≥ 18 years.
• High-risk AML patients according to the 2022 ELN standards who received one cycle of induction therapy.
• Requires allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (including HLA-matched or mismatched allogeneic HSCT and unrelated donor transplant).
• KPS score greater than 60.
• Informed consent must be signed before the start of the study procedures; if it is detrimental to the patient's condition for them to sign, the consent may be signed by a legal guardian or immediate family member.

Exclusion criteria

• Acute promyelocytic leukemia.
• Patient has received more than 440 mg/m2 daunorubicin equivalents. The cumulative dose is calculated by summing up isotoxic daunorubicin-equivalents for daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin and mitoxantrone. The conversion factors are derived from the comparison of the respective maximum doses. The conversion factor is 1 for daunorubicin, 1 for doxorubicin, 0.6 for epirubicin, 4.6 for idarubicin, and 2.7 for mitoxantrone (see worksheet for calculation).
• Severe organ dysfunction, defined as:

• Left ventricular ejection fraction <50%. 2) Patients who receive supplementary continuous oxygen. 3) Serum bilirubin >1.5 x ULN (if not considered Gilbert-Syndrome) or ASAT/ALAT >5 x ULN.

• Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) < 50 ml/min, where: Estimated GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) = 186 x (Serum Creatinine)-1.154 x (age in years)-0.203 x (0.742 if patient is female) x (1.212 if patient is black) 4. History of allogeneic transplantation. 5. Manifestation of AML in the Central Nervous System. 6. Pregnant or breastfeeding women.