Imaging and BioFluid Biomarkers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

In this trial, approximately 200 subjects will participate in this study from 2 Northeast ALS Consortium (NEALS) centers in the United States. Fifty (50) ALS participants will be age and gender matched to 50 participants with no known neurological disorder (healthy controls). Of these, twenty five (25) ALS participants will be age (±5 years) gender and binding affinity (TSPO) matched to 25 healthy controls.

During the enrollment period 200 participants will be screened and 100 participants will ultimately be scanned. There will be a maximum allowed time of 45 days between the screening and baseline visits (1st scan). All 100 subjects will undergo MRI scanning and clinical assessment at the Baseline Visit. Healthy control participants will have no further follow-up visits once they have completed their participation in the screening and baseline visits. Only 50 subjects from this sample will undergo PET scanning. The ALS participants will return for follow-up MRI scanning and clinical assessments every three months and follow-up PET scanning every 6 months over a 12-month period.

Inclusion criteria

Study subjects meeting all of the following criteria will be allowed to enroll in the study:

• Male or female, aged 18 to 80
• Medically safe to undergo MRI scans
• Able to safely lie supine for at least 90 minutes in the opinion of the Site Investigator
• Capable of providing informed consent and following trial procedures
• Geographically accessible to the site

ALS subjects must also meet the following criteria:

• Sporadic or familial ALS diagnosed as possible, laboratory-supported probable, probable, or definite as defined by modified El Escorial criteria
• ALS Cognitive Behavioral Screen score >10 on the cognitive scale and/or >32 on the behavioral scale

Those ALS subjects participating in the optional lumbar puncture portion of the study must also meet the following criteria:

• Subjects medically able to undergo lumbar puncture (LP) as determined by the investigator (i.e., no bleeding disorder, allergy to local anesthetics, a skin infection at or near the LP site, or evidence of high intracranial pressure).

For those subjects participating in the PET scan portion of the study, subjects must also meet the following criteria:

• Medically safe to undergo PET scans
• No prior radiation exposure that exceeds the site's current guidelines
• No known allergy to any components of the tracer
• Baseline ECG values are within normal range
• Subjects must meet main study entry criteria

Exclusion criteria

Study subjects meeting any of the following criteria during screening evaluations will be excluded from entry into the study:

• Any contraindication to undergo MRI studies such as

• History of a cardiac pacemaker or pacemaker wires
• Metallic particles in the body
• Vascular clips in the head
• Prosthetic heart valves
• Claustrophobia
• Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease
• Diagnosis of renal failure
• Have active or chronic autoimmune disease (such as hepatitis or HIV), infection, or taking immunosuppressive medications such as steroids, cyclophosphamide, etc.
• Presence of diaphragm pacing system (DPS)
• The presence of unstable psychiatric disease, cognitive impairment, or dementia that would impair ability of the subject to provide informed consent, according to SI judgment
• Pregnant women or women currently breastfeeding
• Anything that, in the opinion of the investigator, would place the subject at increased risk or preclude the subject's full compliance with or completion of the study

In addition, any subject meeting any of the following criteria during screening evaluations will be excluded from entry into the PET portion of the study:

• Radiation exposure that exceeds the site's current guidelines
• Low affinity TSPO binders determined by having a Thr/Thr polymorphism in the TSPO gene (rs6971) at the Screening Visit

Women of Childbearing Potential (WOCBP) For the purposes of this study, women of child bearing potential are defined as all women who are capable of becoming pregnant, unless they meet one of the following criteria:

• 12-months post-menopausal
• Post-hysterectomy
• Surgically sterile