Identification of Molecular Signals in Vitreous Humor Associated With Suboptimal Response to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Inhibition in Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration (nAMD) Within a Clinical Trial Setting

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a leading cause of severe vision loss worldwide. Although intravitreal anti-VEGF injections have markedly improved outcomes, 20-40% of patients show a suboptimal response, indicating the involvement of additional molecular pathways. This study investigates whether profiling the vitreous humor can reveal alternative angiogenic pathways-beyond VEGF-that drive persistent disease. If such pathways are identified, switching from anti-VEGF monotherapy (ranibizumab) to a bispecific anti-VEGF/anti-Ang2 agent (faricimab) may improve disease control and provide better vision outcomes for patients with inadequate response to standard therapy.

Additionally, the dosage regimens (monthly injections over 24 weeks), and selection of treatment-naïve nAMD patients will minimize confounding variables. This approach ensures a clear comparison between good responders and suboptimal responders. By correlating clinical/imaging outcomes with vitreous biomarker profiles, the investigators aim to develop personalized treatment strategies for nAMD.

Inclusion criteria

• Patients aged ≥ 50 years old at the time of informed consent
• Willing and able to provide informed consent
• Willingness and ability to comply with all scheduled visits and study procedures
• Female subjects must be of non-childbearing potential or show a negative pregnancy test at screening and must agree to use appropriate methods of contraception during the study and for one month after the last dose.
• Confirmed diagnosis of symptomatic nAMD based on optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICG-A)
• nAMD characteristics:

• Subfoveal CNV/PCV
• Juxtafoveal/extrafoveal CNV/PCV with a subfoveal component related to the exudative activity.
• Treatment naïve- NO previous treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, regardless of the indication, NO previous thermal laser in the macular region, or verteporfin photodynamic therapy (vPDT), regardless of indication
• BCVA of 24-78 letters as measured by an Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart (Snellen equivalent 20/32-20/320)

Exclusion criteria

• CNV or retinal exudation due to causes other than typical AMD, such as vitelliform dystrophy, ocular histoplasmosis, trauma, pathological myopia, angioid streaks, choroidal rupture, or uveitis
• Active intraocular inflammation or suspected or active intraocular or periocular infection (eg, infectious conjunctivitis, keratitis, scleritis, endophthalmitis, infectious blepharitis) in either eye at Baseline
• Any history or evidence of a concurrent intraocular condition in the study eye, including retinal diseases other than neovascular AMD, that, in the judgment of the Investigator, could either require medical or surgical intervention during the course of the study to prevent or treat visual loss that might result from that condition or that limits the potential to gain visual acuity upon treatment with the investigational product

• History of cataract surgery within 6 months prior to recruitment
• Cataract surgery during the study period is not permitted.
• Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) rip/tear in the study eye at Baseline
• Current vitreous hemorrhage or history of vitreous hemorrhage in the study eye within 4 weeks prior to Baseline
• History of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, stage 3/4 macular hole, or any retinal break unless adequate repair has been performed
• History of the following in the study eye:

• Previous pars plana vitrectomy
• Previous photodynamic therapy (PDT)
• Intraocular or refractive surgery within the 6 months period prior to Baseline
• Previous penetrating keratoplasty or vitrectomy
• Previous pan retinal photocoagulation
• Previous submacular surgery or macular laser treatment
• Uncontrolled glaucoma or ocular hypertension in the study eye defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) > 25 mmHg on medication or according to the investigator's judgment at baseline
• Intra- or periocular use of corticosteroids in the study eye during the 6-month period prior to baseline:

• Use of topical ocular corticosteroids in the study eye for 60 or more consecutive days within the 90-day period prior to baseline
• Use of systemic corticosteroids for 30 or more consecutive days within the 90 days prior to baseline, with the exception of low stable doses of corticosteroids (defined as ≤10 mg prednisolone or equivalent dose used for 90 days or more). Inhaled, nasal or dermal steroids are also permitted
• Previous therapeutic radiation near the region of the study eye
• History of a medical condition (disease, metabolic dysfunction, physical examination finding, or clinical laboratory finding) that, in the judgment of the investigator, would preclude scheduled study visits, completion of the study, or a safe administration of the investigational product
• History of hypersensitivity to any component of the test article or clinically relevant sensitivity to fluorescein dye (or indocyanine green), as assessed by the Investigator
• Participation in an investigational drug, biologic, or device study within 30 days or the duration of 5 half-lives of the investigational product (whichever is longer) prior to baseline Note: observational clinical studies solely involving over-the-counter vitamins, supplements, or diets are not exclusionary
• Systemic anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy within the 90-day period prior to baseline
• Stroke or myocardial infarction in the 90-day period prior to baseline
• Uncontrolled blood pressure defined as a systolic value ≥ 180 mmHg and/or diastolic value ≥ 100 mmHg at screening